The Science Of Fasting And How To Use It For Your Health

Mark Hyman, MD

Dr. Mark Hyman is leading a health revolution—one focused on using food as medicine to support longevity, energy, mental clarity, happiness, and so much more. Mark Hyman, MD is a practicing family physician and an internationally recognized leader, speaker, educator, and advocate in the field of Functional Medicine. He is the founder and director of The UltraWellness Center, Founder and Senior Advisor for the Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine, a fifteen-time New York Times best-selling author, and Board President for Clinical Affairs for The Institute for Functional Medicine. He is the founder and chairman of the Food Fix Campaign, dedicated to transforming our food and agriculture system through policy.

He is a co-founder and the Chief Medical Officer of Function Health. He is the host of one of the leading health podcasts, The Doctor’s Farmacy with 150+ million downloads. Dr. Hyman is a regular medical contributor to several television shows and networks, including CBS This Morning, Today, Good Morning America, The View, Fox, and CNN.

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Full Transcript

Automatically generated. Please forgive any typos or errors in the following transcript. It was generated by a third party and has not been subsequently reviewed by our team.

Introduction: Coming up on this episode of The Doctor's Farmacy.

Cynthia Thurlow: Many people come to fasting out of a curiosity to change body composition or lose weight. But I always say there's so much more to fasting that maybe perhaps people are less aware of that I think is far more powerful and certainly more impactful.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Welcome to The Doctor's Farmacy. I'm Dr. Mark Hyman. That's Farmacy with an F, a place for conversations that matter. And if you've heard the buzz about fasting, intermittent fasting, time restricted eating, fasting mimicking diets, the 5:2 diet, you name it, we're going to learn all about that today. Because it's a very important topic given the state of our poor metabolic health in America, where 93.2% of Americans are in poor metabolic health and we need a fix.
And fasting actually can be a very powerful strategy for optimizing our health or losing weight and doing many, many things, including living a long time, which is what I really just finished writing a book about, Young Forever. Today we have Cynthia Thurlow, who's a nurse practitioner. She's the author of Intermittent Fasting Transformation, The 45-Day Program for Women to Lose Stubborn Weight, Improve Hormonal Health and Slow Aging. I like that one. And she's got over 20 years of experience in health and wellness. She's a two times Ted speaker, TEDx speaker. Her second talk had more than 14 million views, and she's the host of the Everyday Wellness podcast, which is consistently in the top iTunes podcast in nutrition. And she's globally recognized on this topic and women's health and has been featured on ABC, FOX, a Megan Kelly show and many others. And her mission is to educate women on the benefits of intermittent fasting and an overall holistic approach to wellness, so they feel empowered to live their most optimal lives. Well that sounds like a good plan. So welcome, Cynthia.

Cynthia Thurlow: Thank you much for having me. I've been really looking forward to connecting with you.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I think fasting has been used throughout the history of medicine as a therapy, and the naturopaths used it extensively. Many should practice it in all fasting. Many cultures have fasting as part of their rituals like Ramadan or Yom Kippur. So there's a whole precedent to using fasting for longevity and for health and for healing various kinds of problems. And what's powerful about it is when you stop eating, you activate these survival pathways. The body has these built in survival mechanisms. So when there's a stress like not eating or starving, you have hundreds of genes that kick in to start to actually make your body work better, more efficiently and reduce all the things that are going to make it die. So that's kind of what it does. It switches on our anti-aging genes. It improves our immune function, reduces inflammation, helps repair our DNA. It clears out all the junky cells, it improves our metabolism, our focus and improves our energy.
Because when we're starving, we want to be gathering for food. We want to feel good and go fast. So let's get into kind of the science of this a little bit and the different kinds of facts. Let's just sort of lay out the sort of terminology of the field because I think people throw on all sorts of terms. And I wondered if you'd break down for us the different types of fasting, which ones are the best and where you might get the biggest bang for your buck in terms of approaching the strategy of how to use fasting or intermittent fasting or whatever you want to call it for your health.

Cynthia Thurlow: You're so right that intermittent fasting is not new or novel. It dates back to biblical times. And for a lot of individuals like wrapping their heads around doing something that's completely contrary to what we've been telling our patients to do for years, takes a little bit of an adjustment. But I'd like to start with intermittent fasting and describing it as eating less often. And depending on the individual and what their goals are, as an example, a 16 out of 8 eight, which is 16 hours fast with an eight-hour feeding window is a good goal to work towards for most individuals. From there, we have lots of other variations. We have people that are doing one meal a day, we've got time restricted eating. We have a 5:2, or alternate day fasting where people are having alterations between a day of a regular eating pattern with a 24-hour fast with another day of a regular feeding pattern another day of a 24-hour fast.
And I think in terms of what makes the most sense is really figuring out for each individual what their goals are and then we can help them select the appropriate time in which to fast. I think it also comes down to life stage, where people are in their life, and also men and women need to fast a little bit differently. But I think a good rule of from is to really think about that 16:8 and understanding that when we're in this unfed state, as you appropriately stated, we have all these benefits that are conferred. It's not starvation. We are just choosing to be purposeful about when we eat and when we're not eating. In an unfed state, we have upregulation of things like autophagy, this waste and recycling process that goes on behind the scenes. We have lowered levels of inflammation. We certainly have improved biophysical markers as we are transitioned to being more metabolically healthy as our bodies are able to effectively utilize either stored fat or stored carbohydrates as a fuel source.
And as you appropriately mentioned, more often than not, 92 to 93% of Americans are not metabolically healthy. So they're stuck using sugar as a fuel source. When as you become more metabolically flexible, your body's able to use different types of fuel substrates. And it's in these opportunities when our bodies are able to have lowered insulin levels that we can go in and use stored fat as a fuel source. And we know that for individuals that are metabolically flexible, they have a preferred ability to be able to be flexible in terms of using different types of fuel. We know that if our bodies are able to produce things like ketones, we can get diffusion of specific types of ketones across the blood-brain barrier, which can help with mental clarity and energy, things that I know so many individuals are really struggling with these days.
But those are some of the kind of high level concepts. And then I think as clinicians, we know that patients that are embracing fasting are going to very likely have improved biophysical markers, improved triglycerides, HGL. They're very likely going to have improved blood pressure that will go on to have improved inflammatory markers. I think about high sensitivity CRP, homocystine and things like this. And that's just the tipping point. As you appropriately mentioned, you just wrote this book on longevity. We know based on research that individuals, we look at blue zones, we look at specific parts of the world, the people that are more physically active and are not eating as many calories per se, are having improved quality of life and longevity metrics.

Dr. Mark Hyman: The Holocaust survivors often live very long time. It's interesting, they had very, very little food and they live to be 90s, 100s. It's quite interesting, not because it's a genetic thing, because something got reprogrammed in their biology by the active starvation. Now I wouldn't recommend that strategy, but I think that it speaks to the power of activating these ancient survival mechanisms that are embedded within our body to keep everything running right. And what you just said, just to break it down, was a lot of benefits. And we're going to talk about the kinds of fasting a little bit more because I think it's unclear, but you basically reset your biology to a healthier pattern. You lose fat, you build muscle, you build bone density, you increase mental clarity, you improve in inflammation, you help regulate your blood sugar or your blood pressure or your cholesterol, your growth hormones, stress hormones, all these things that tend to age us all improve in the right direction with this one simple, you say free and flexible. And what was the other thing you said?
Easy to do approach that is just basically doesn't cost anything, and it's amazing. Now when people talk about it, they say, "Well, you could do a 12-hour overnight fast or 14-hour or 16. Or maybe it's better to do a 24 to 36 hour fast a week or a three-day fast a month or a seven-day fast, a quarter or water fast." What do you recommend and how different are the different types? Because people can go keto and get the same benefit. They can do a calorie restriction with a fasting mimicking diet, which is 800 calories a day for five days. They can do a 5:2 diet where you restrict on two days and eat normally five days. You can do a 12, 14, 16 hour fast. So it's a lot of different things. What is the best thing to do? You're saying 16:8 is really the best thing. Is it that much better than 14:8 or 14:10 or 12:12? What's the nuance here?

Cynthia Thurlow: Well, I think that it really comes down to who are you as an individual? What stage of life are you in, what are your goals? So if you are a lean, 32-year-old female, I'm going to talk to you about 12 hours of digestive rest as opposed to doing really long fast because your body is so exquisitely attuned to food and your peak fertile years. Very different than my obese 45-year-old perimenopausal woman that may need to do some longer fast because she has plenty, all of us really have plenty of stored fat to use as a fuel source. But this is someone who's looking to change body composition, looking to lose weight, probably is a little bit of insulin resistance.
And so some of those longer fasts in the context of dialing on the lifestyle, getting high quality sleep, making sure they're managing their stress, that's an individual that can probably get away with a 24 or a 36-hour fast. I do think that it's a graduated approach, meaning when we go from irrespective of gender, if we go from a standard American diet being very physically sedentary to suddenly evolving into a paradigm where you're going to eat less often, it starts with stopping snacking. We've been conditioning our patients-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Oh my God, it's the worst thing that ever was invented was snacks.

Cynthia Thurlow: I know.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I mean, who the heck? I mean, it's a whole industry of junk food that's been pushed on us. And somehow we were taught that we need to snack.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And we need snack foods all around us and snack foods in our house and snack foods at the airport and snack foods at every corner. It just, it's the worst. And I think there's two things people could do to dramatically improve their health is get rid of liquid sugar calories and don't snack.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes. And I couldn't agree more. So when we're talking about the standard American, it's really saying stop snacking, rip that bandaid off because it's going to force you to reallocate your macronutrients, your protein, fat and carbs with your meals. And then, and only then is someone really in a position where they can say, "Okay, I'm not going to eat from breakfast to lunch and lunch to dinner and from dinner to breakfast." And so it may start with 12 hours of not eating and may evolve to 13 to 14. And I find for a lot of my patients who are very metabolically inflexible, that are insulin resistant or diabetic, we have to do this pretty slowly because their bodies are so inefficient. It's almost as if they've been putting the wrong type of fuel in their bodies for so many years that their body is not able to tap into fat stores as a first step.
So for those individuals, it's a really slow step-wise approach, kind of getting them to a point where they're putting on training wheels so they can get to a point where I can encourage them, go 18 hours, go 20 hours, go 24 hours.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Oh really?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes. So it's slowly, and I find that I get better results if we do it slowly. Now, do I have magical patients that want to start with a 24-hour fast right off the bat? Yes. But I've come to find that they are few and far between. There's a degree of tentativeness because we've conditioned our patients on so many different levels-

Dr. Mark Hyman: You Don't eat, you're going to die.

Cynthia Thurlow: ... Right. Snacks and mini meals stoke your metabolism, you need all these things. And so we're having to reprogram all of this cognitive kind of disconnect that they've affirmed for so many years. And even clinicians I find sometimes are a little reticent to make these recommendations. I'm like, "Listen, we wouldn't be here as a species if we weren't capable of going through longer periods of time without food." And understanding that your body has plenty of stored fuel to be able to fuel your body. It's just kind of reframing that perspective about meal frequency, what we're eating, how frequently we're eating. And I think for so many of my patients, they feel so much better almost instantaneously that it, for them, it's this kind of slow crawl to get to 18 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours and helping them understand there are different benefits at different intervals.
12 hours to me is digestive rest. It's a great way to... Everyone should be doing that, right? I have teenagers, I don't recommend that they fast. They're very metabolically healthy. 12 hours of digestive rest for them is sometimes challenging because they're still growing. But from my perspective, any adult should be able to get to that. And then slowly, depending on the individual, kind of working up to those metrics. You mentioned these longer fasts, doing a fasting mimicking diet, doing a three to five day fast. I think that my perspective on this has started to shift a little bit as I'm getting older and I know how important muscle mass is, to maintain muscle mass with age and how that plays a role in insulin sensitivity. I think you have to be very purposeful about and very, I don't want to use the word calculating, but very exacting about what are you trying to gain and finding that balance. For me, I don't do really long fasts anymore, and I'm happy to explain why, but I do think that there's a lot of therapeutic benefit depending on what people are working towards.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, that's right. I would say fasting in all the forms, I think it was a medical intervention, like a drug. And you have to find the right dose for each patient and the right exact treatment for each patient. And they're different. If you're a 350 pound obese diabetic with hypertension and heart failure, you might benefit from a 21-day water fast, a lot. If you are someone like me, who maybe has 10% body fat, I can do a 24-hour fast, but I tend to lose weight pretty fast. And I worry about losing muscle at 63. So today, for example, it wasn't that hard. I had dinner at 6:00 last night and I woke up this morning, I did a bit of sort of work and worked out and did a sauna and I had my healthy aging protein shake and it was probably 10:00, 10:30 in the morning.
So I went from 6:00 at night to 10:30. That's a 16 and a half hour fast. It wasn't that hard. It's not like I'm starving and need to get food first thing in the morning. My body just have that space to not eat. What you're saying is such a contradiction to what was so much the dogma nutrition recommendation, which is you need to eat three meals a day, you need to eat snacks, and you have multiple small meals to keep your metabolism going and to burn more calories. And you have to stoke the fire of your metabolism otherwise you won't lose weight. And can you speak to that? How did we get it so wrong and what changed?

Cynthia Thurlow: Well, I certainly started in medicine in the 1990s and I got as a nurse and as an NP, got little to know nutritional education or information. I think that from my perspective, based on what I know about Ancel Keys and the Seven Country Study and this kind of shift after President Eisenhower had a heart attack, had an MI that all of a sudden they wanted to take the focus off of sugar, put the focus on fat, that with the rise of this processed food industry, I think it really created opportunities for healthcare providers to be telling their patients, "Well, you need to eat these small frequent meals. This is going to be a benefit. No fat, fat is bad. Don't eat butter, don't eat nuts. Don't eat avocado. Instead, eat these adulterated seed oils. Try these processed highly inflammatory fake sugars, even high fructose corn syrup," which is about as far away from what real sugar is like.
So I think it started to pivot in the 1950s based on everything that I'm aware of or what changed here in the United States. But certainly Ancel Keys gets a lot of the blame, I think on a lot of different levels. Deflecting the focus on of looking at sugar as being this inflammatory food substance and then making it all about fat. And of course, you and I know that that's not the case. And in fact, when I started in cardiology as an NP, I did that for 16 years. I cringe at what my handouts looked like back then, but it was based on MyPlate and the Food Guide Pyramid and eat heart healthy grains and eat very small portions of very, very lean meat, but don't eat a lot of meat, eat a lot of those grains, and you need five to six servings of carbohydrates a day and low protein-

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, it was six to 11 servings of bread, rice, cereal and pasta.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, yeah. It's terrible. So I think that that has certainly contributed along with this hedonistic, hyper palatable environment that we live in. I mean, I think about Uber Eats. No offense to Uber Eats, but I was explaining to my teenagers that years ago you had to get in a car and go to the store. Things weren't just delivered, and now people can get anything they want 24/7. And so yeah, I think there's a problem in the Nation-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Years ago you had to go to your dial up phone, it was connected to your wall-

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes.

Dr. Mark Hyman: ... and you couldn't walk around with your phone.

Cynthia Thurlow: There was no cell phones. Yes, we're definitely dating ourselves. But I think it really plays back to the start of being convinced that we needed to eat a lot of processed carbohydrates along with the rise of seed oils. I mean, when I look at the research, seed oils, high fructose corn syrup, the advent of those into our diets and the fact that they proliferate. I mean the number one consumed fat in the United States right now is soybean oil. And so when I reflect on that and I talk to my kids about what soybean oil is, I'm like, "That's not a real fat. Our bodies don't recognize that as a real fat." And so I think that there's multiple things combined with an increasingly sedentary population. People don't sleep well. We have this hedonistic culture. We can binge Netflix anytime of the day or night. We can order food anytime of the day or night. And I just think it's this accessibility on every level, this kind of dopaminergic society that we live in is probably also contributing to why we're seeing such poor metabolic health.

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, I get it. When I go to a city, I'm just amazed at how accessible everything is. When I live in the country, in the Berkshires and there's no Uber Eats, there's no Uber, there's no delivery of food. You literally have to go out and get it or make it yourself.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah.

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, I think what I want to sort of understand is what's the 80:20 for people? In terms of the techniques to make it simple, do you have to do 16? Is 14 enough? Is it better to do 18? Where is the 80/20 for people and how often do you do it? Do you do it every day? Do you do it once a week? Do you do it three times a week? What's the best strategy for people? And for people who may be listening and say, "I want to try this. It sounds good. It's going to turn on all my wellness pathways, it's going to reverse my biological age, it's going to help me lose weight, it's going to improve my metabolism. Sounds great." Well, what's the best place to start and what is the dose and the prescription?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, no, no, I love this question. So we start really conservatively. We start with the stop snacking because that effectively is going to force you to kind of adjust your meals, more protein, more healthy fats to discretionary carbohydrates depending on what they are. Maybe it's some root vegetables. That's step one and step two. And then step three is going from dinner to breakfast the following day without eating. And so many of us, we're just coming off the tail end of the pandemic. I think so many of us have through many months of uncertainty and fear, people were doing a lot of drinking and eating in the evening, and so effectively not eating at night after dinner until the following morning. And so starting with 12 to 13 hours and opening it up from there, your question is what's the prescription? And I think it's really dependent.
Are you a woman that's still getting a menstrual cycle? Because we know that there's benefit to utilizing fasting as a strategy in the follicular phase when estrogen predominates, when your body's capable of more hormetic stress, when your body can do more intense exercise, you can do a little bit more fasting. And then as we post ovulation when progesterone predominates, this is when I encourage women to do a little less fasting, kind of back off the gas. Maybe they're doing 12 or 13 hours of digestive rest. [inaudible 00:20:41] is very different than a man and a postmenopausal woman because they have less hormonal fluctuation day to day, week to week. So that is certainly an interplay. Where are you life stage wise? What gender do you identify with? And then kind of determining are you very physically active? If you're training for a race, I'm not going to tell you to restrict your food intake because you're actually going to need a little bit more fuel.
If you're sedentary, then maybe intermittent fasting is going to be helpful for you to embrace most days of the week. I personally, because you asked, I tend to fast anywhere from 14 to 18 hours a day. It really depends on what exercise I'm doing, what my sleep quality's like, how am I managing my stress? I think those are very important contributing factors. But I think a good starting place based on the research, based on what I'm seeing is to aim for 16 hours fast with an eight-hour feeding window, because eight hours will allow an individual to consume at least two good size meals. And I'm very big on making sure we're getting sufficient amounts of protein so that we're not impacting and blunting muscle protein synthesis, but also not putting ourselves in a state of muscle loss, which sarcopenia is a real issue. I'm middle-aged and it's something I think about a lot.
That's why I think finding that balance between not over fasting and making sure I can get in two really good size meals a day is certainly very important. But I think there's multiple variables. As I mentioned, life stage, certainly where you are in life stage, whether you're male or female, whether you're menopausal or not, accounting for that menstrual cycle. And then the lifestyle piece, and this applies to everyone. If you have terrible stress, you're not sleeping, you're over exercising. That is not the time to be adding gasoline to a fire. Maybe you're just doing 12 hours of digestive rest, which is going to still confer some benefits. Not as much as when you're pushing 18, 20, 24 hours. But it's helping patients understand that there are different levers, there's consistency, that's important. But helping people understand that depending on where you are in life stage can be very, very beneficial. But it's okay if you don't fast every day. Maybe you start off fasting two days a week. That's why the 5:2 or alternate day fasting, I think can be very advantageous for people who are just ready to try-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Alternate day, like intermittent fasting, you mean?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes, yes.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. Or time restricted eating is maybe a better term you think than intermittent fasting because I think that's a broad category, right?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Intermittent fast can be a week fast or a 21-day fast or two day fasting can also be time restricted eating. So it seems like the overarching category within it, there's different techniques, right?

Cynthia Thurlow: Correct. There's different strategies and it really depends. I mean, as you appropriately stated, if you have a obese diabetic patient, like doing a prolonged fast might be a really great, great way to help them break through a plateau, may be beneficial for helping them recalibrate their palette. Many people feel, and obviously this is not my area of expertise, but in talking to other experts on my podcast talking about food addiction and individuals that are really struggling with those kinds of cravings that sometimes those longer fasts can help them recalibrate their palette and get ready to do fasting on a more regular basis.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Great. So in terms of the obvious, is nobody should be snacking in between meals and giving yourself at least 12 hours and then you can kind of push it to 14. And it's not hard. If you eat dinner at 6:00 at night, that's eating breakfast at eight in the morning. We're not talking about something that's unachievable. It's just sort of a little bit foreign to most of us because we're taught to snack and have bedtime snacks and eat late, and that's the worst thing we can do. I want to sort of dive in a little bit to the mechanisms and then I want to get into really more detail about who should fast, who shouldn't fast, why and what some of the benefits are. So can you take us through some of the mechanisms? We talked about some of the benefits, right? The cholesterol, the blood sugar, the blood pressure, the weight, the metabolism, but how does that actually work? What are the sort of mechanisms of action from a scientific perspective about how fasting can activate all these longevity pathways and these healing pathways?

Cynthia Thurlow: Well, I think I really start with talking about autophagy. So when we're in an unfed state, we have much like anything in the body, it's all about balance. We have something called autophagy and we have something called mTOR, and they're always looking for balance. It's not as if one gets turned off and one gets turned on, but understand this, upregulation. So when we're in an unfed state, our body can go in and effectively get rid of trash. It can go in and get rid of diseased, disordered organelles, mitochondria, things that have the potential, again, emphasis on potential to go on to create disease. And so when we're able to effectively take out the trash, it can lower our risk for developing certain neurocognitive issues as well as cancer. I also like to think about the fact that we have specific types of proteins called sirtuins that get upregulated specifically with fasting and these along with other mechanisms, AMPK and NAD can be very, very effective for helping with longevity pathways in the body. I think that when I start-

Dr. Mark Hyman: So when you're fasting, NAD, you mean N-A-D, right? NAD+?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yes.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Which people hear about NMN, NAD, NR. What you're saying is when you fast, you increase the amount of NAD, which then stimulates this pathway called sirtuins, which has all these longevity benefits, right? Improving mitochondrial function, improving insulin resistance, reducing inflammation, activating DNA repair, inducing autophagy. So it's all this incredible stuff that happens just from the simple act of not eating that activates these ancient pathways.

Cynthia Thurlow: Absolutely. And I think a lot of people have probably heard of the term mitochondria, but they are like the spark plugs of ourselves. But after the age of 40, for many of us, we have some degree of mitochondrial dysfunction and usually is at the basis for most of the chronic disease states that we see. So anything that's going to be improving mitochondrial function like with fasting and upregulation of these different pathways can be hugely impactful. And I unfortunately think that there's so much focus as you know, in traditional allopathic medicine to addressing symptoms as opposed to root cause. What I love best about fasting is it's looking at these mechanisms in a way that allows our bodies to intrinsically help heal themselves.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, it's pretty amazing actually. When you look at the science of the, one of the hallmarks of aging, which is a lot of the ways in which fasting works, it works on these pathways that have been termed when they go wrong, deregulated nutrient sensing. And that's something I talked about in my book Young Forever, and I think it's sort of the meta hallmark that's above all the other hallmarks in a sense, because it drives changes in all the other things that we see go wrong with aging. So it's almost like you have this secret weapon of fasting to do things that are really powerful that almost no drug can do. Maybe rapamycin might have similar benefits. It's sort of like a drug that actually seems to mimic fasting without fasting as it inhibits the pathways called mTOR, which fasting does, it induces autophagy, which you just talked about.
It's basically a way to activate this longevity switch, I call it. And so you've got these four different pathways that you mentioned, AMPK, sirtuins, mTOR, which you implied through autophagy and also insulin signaling all are improved through fasting. And I talk a lot about these in my book as essential things that you have to focus on that are regulated about what we eat that drive all the chronic diseases of aging, that drive all the accelerated biological aging. And we can influence these dramatically through a whole range of different lifestyle factors through the quality of our diet through reducing sugar. But fasting and time restricted eating are a very powerful set of tools that we have as a drug. Literally I would consider them as a drug medicine to activate these things. So really we talk about food is medicine, but in a sense, fasting is medicine too.

Cynthia Thurlow: And I couldn't agree more. And to me it's such a powerful kind of statement that there are more and more of us that are speaking so openly. I think many people come to fasting out of a curiosity to change body composition or lose weight, but I always say there's so much more to fasting that maybe perhaps people are less aware of, that I think is far more powerful and certainly more impactful.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So tell me, there are certain people who shouldn't do this. So if people are listening and they go, this sounds great. You understand the mechanisms, it seems simple, it's free, it's accessible, anybody on the planet can do it, but maybe who shouldn't do it? Old, young, sick, hormonal state? Like what's the right person to really focus on this and who shouldn't?

Cynthia Thurlow: I would say let's start with who should not. Obviously people that are still growing. So I have teenagers at home. I always say, if you're not a fully grown adult, this is not a strategy to use with children or teenagers. I would start with pregnant or breastfeeding women. I know this can be controversial, but I always remind people, if you're growing a human or feeding a human, this is not the time to restrict your caloric intake. Anyone that's got a disordered relationship with food, obviously there are exceptions.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Like a eating disorder?

Cynthia Thurlow: Correct. So if you have a history of anorexia, bulimia, binge-eating, unless you are in conjunction with your eating disorder specialist, feel that you're in a position to be able to engage in these activities, probably not a good idea. I always say individuals that are frail. Unfortunately, I got hammered in my TED talk because organizers asked me to say above a certain age, so I said 70, and I've just gotten hammered by very healthy 70 plus year olds. So I think it's less about-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah.

Cynthia Thurlow: ... Exactly. Less about age and more about if you're frail, if you are brittle diabetic, you're not aware when you have hypoglycemic episodes. If you're someone who just left the hospital. I lost 15 pounds in 2019 and you better believe I didn't fast for about four or five months. Anyone that's got a chronic health condition, it's not that it's a contraindication, but I think it's helpful to get your healthcare practitioner involved, your internist if you're on diabetes medicines or blood pressure medicines because you may need adjustments. It's not to suggest that it's a true contraindication.

Dr. Mark Hyman: If you have a lot of health issues, you might actually end up having a problem because you might need less medication.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yep, exactly. Exactly. So kind of looping in your internist, your primary care provider, so they can be monitoring you more closely. But beyond that, I find most people do really well. I think the other caveat I would add is, if you just went through a divorce, you just went through a contentious move, you had some major stressor in your life, intermittent fasting is a form of hormesis, a beneficial stress in the right amount at the right time. Don't add gasoline to the fire. If you're not sleeping, your stress is out of control, you're over exercising and undereating, that could be problematic.
So I would say that's the other cohort, but I do find that most individuals actually do really well as long as they are aware of the things that we just referred to. But also the fact that if you're a woman under the age of 35, you probably don't need to be fasting with the same intensity and regularity that a menopausal woman can get away with because you still have a menstrual cycle, especially if you're lean and certainly if you are an athlete. I get a lot of questions from women that want to body build or they are student athletes. And I'm like, "I have to tell you, I think it's not helpful to restrict your macro intake at that point in time, but certainly doesn't mean that at a later point in time that might not be a beneficial thing for you to do." So kind of looking at women in different stages of life is also important.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I think that's important to mention because I think for women and things change throughout their life. And if you're menstruating and it's probably not a good idea, if you have different hormonal issues. But it can be also helpful too if you're sort of an overweight premenopausal woman who with fibroids or severe estrogen [inaudible 00:32:44]. I mean, maybe this is the therapy that can actually help reduce some of that.

Cynthia Thurlow: And I've definitely have had some patients with PCOS, so polycystic ovarian syndrome that have done really well because at the basis of PCOS as an example, is this insulin resistance, inflammatory oxidative stress component. And so eating less often for them can oftentimes help them kind of reverse the degree of insulin resistance they're experiencing. So I think it's always in the context of who is the individual, what life stage are they in, what other stressors are going on in their lives?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Now, you had your own personal experience with this, right? You actually had an autoimmune disease and you used fasting as part of the approach, including eliminating gluten. Can you talk about what that was like and what you did and you know what you learned from it?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah. So I'm sure most of your listeners know that if you have one autoimmune condition, you're more prone to others. And so by the time I was 40, I had two autoimmune conditions, and just on a whim I decided to go gluten-free. And what was amazing was that my dermatologist kept saying, "What are you doing differently?" And so my psoriasis has never come back. I had pretty mild psoriasis, but I still had it nonetheless after being treated for lime. And then with the intermittent fasting piece, allowing my Hashimoto's, although I had negative antibodies, allowing my Hashimoto's to go into remission.
And I have very, very stable thyroid function with the gluten-free diet, and also adding in the intermittent fasting. I don't over fast because I think that's important to kind of identify. But for me, I felt better almost instantaneously, even better than I did when I started thyroid replacement therapy with the intermittent fasting. So I think it's a powerful statement because there's so much misinformation like, "Oh, if you have a thyroid condition, then you can't tolerate intermittent fasting." I think it actually helps improve mitochondrial function if you're doing it properly.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Interesting. So mostly most people think if your thyroid's not working, it may not be a great idea because your metabolism's already slow and you shouldn't probably do it. But you're saying with an autoimmune condition, like Hashimoto's you can actually see changes. And did your autoimmune condition get better? Did the antibodies go away or what happened?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, I mean, haven't had positive antibodies, and at least initially my functional medicine provider thought maybe I didn't have Hashimoto's, but we've come to learn that that's not the case. With that being said, I had very, very stable numbers, and I have to believe because I'm very conscientious about the lifestyle piece, and this is where it's important for people to understand, I sleep well, I manage my stress, I don't ever exercise. I make sure I get enough food in during the day. As you mentioned, more often than not, patients that have hypothyroidism, if they've got a slowed metabolism, they're gaining weight, they just keep thinking less is more, less food is going to be better, more fasting is better. And having to find that reframe to help them understand that actually eating less food and over fasting is going to exacerbate what's going on with their body. So finding a very happy medium. And I always say the power of the N of one, but I have lots of patients that have found the same thing, that their thyroid function has actually gotten better, making sure they're understanding how to properly fast or not.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Absolutely. Interesting. So in terms of muscle, let's talk about muscle for a minute. Because as we get older, we need to be more diligent about protecting, maintaining, building, increasing muscle mass and function. And fasting can actually cause you to lose muscle potentially. So how do you navigate and thread that needle between the benefits of fasting and the need for building muscle? Because a lot of people, specifically in the field of longevity are talking about how we really need to do everything we can to mimic fasting and to reduce our stimulation of mTOR and we should all be vegan, but then you can't build muscle. So it's really an interesting conversation. I'd love to know your perspective on it.

Cynthia Thurlow: And I actually get this question often, as I'm sure you probably do as well. I think it really comes down to understanding the role of sarcopenia, which is this muscle loss with aging. And after the age of 40, most of us are, it's this kind of accelerated muscle aging and understanding that, and I love this analogy that I use, if you want to think about young muscle, it looks like a filet. Filets are delicious and wonderful, right?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Filet mignon.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, exactly. And then as we're getting older, we're starting to replace muscle tissue with adipose tissue, and that's like a ribeye, which is equally delicious, but we don't want to become the ribeye. So helping individuals understand that there has to be adequate muscle protein synthesis. So you need enough stimulus on the muscle. So strength training is important. Understanding that you eating enough protein, and I'm going to go out on the limb and say that for me personally, this is the N of one. I find that animal-based protein, I do much better having animal-based protein in my diet, getting at least 40 to 50 grams of protein with each one of my meals combined with good quality sleep and not over fasting. So how do I do that? It means that I'm diligently lifting heavy weights at least three times a week. It means I'm eating at least two good size boluses of protein twice a day.
Sometimes I might do three, depends on I'm where I am and what I'm doing. Getting enough sleep is the way that I've been able to continue to maintain and build muscle, even as a menopausal female. I'm 51 and for me, it's very, very important. I would say the other piece of that, and this is very much personal preference, and whatever relationship you have with your GYN or your functional medicine provider are using hormone replacement therapy because about 75% of women are going to have much lower levels of testosterone in perimenopause and menopause. And I'm definitely one of them.
And so I do believe that hormone replacement therapy, testosterone and estrogen and progesterone can be very beneficial for helping me to continue to build and create more muscle. So again, that's a very much a personal preference and I'm happy to talk more about that. But I do think for me personally, muscle is what I equate with having this organ of continued longevity, maintaining insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility. I feel fervently that muscle is very important. So this is why I don't over fast. This is why I'm conscientious about not doing a lot of long fasts, but I am metabolically flexible. If I were not, I would have to kind of rethink that strategy.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Interesting. So we talked a little bit, you mentioned bioidentical hormone therapy, and I'd like to talk about that. And it's a little bit different than the fasting conversation, but it's related because what happens to women after menopause is often their metabolism slows down. They get that belly fat, they feel like this is just inevitable. And I hear this over and over for women, and I know it's not inevitable, and I know it's not something people have to expect as normal, but it is very common. And the question is, what's causing that and how do they combat that? Because it's one of the biggest questions I get all the time from my patients who are menopausal women. And two, what role does hormone therapy play in managing all that?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, that's a great question. I think there are many things that contribute. I know that women are less stress resilient. We go through adrenal pause, not just menopause. We go through adrenal pause. And as our ovaries, even in menopause, we still have some ovarian function left. It's just greatly diminished. As our ovaries are producing less progesterone, our adrenal glands are helping to produce and progesterone and our adrenal glands are designed to be this emergency backup system. So if you're chronically stressed, not sleeping, cortisol levels are high, we have 40 times more cortisol receptors on our abdomens, so women describe this cortisol belly, that's a source of frustration. So I think about that. I think about if cortisol is up chronically, we've got high insulin, we've got high blood sugar, blood sugar goes up, and then insulin is secreted to help bring it down. I think about the changes just with testosterone that we know that I fervently believe that that is probably one of the largest contributors to changes in body composition for women, an endless source of frustration.
So I think testosterone absolutely contributes. We know that estrogen is this anabolic hormone. And so if you're losing estrogen... And so it's interesting in perimenopause, if you look at the research, we have some of the highest amounts of estrogen in our bodies during perimenopause because our brain is desperately trying to send us SOS to the ovaries and pumping out. So sometimes you have very high levels of estrogen and then you sometimes have lower levels. But as women are at the tail end of perimenopause into menopause, losing estrogen is also contributing to some of these body habit habitus changes as well as changes in insulin sensitivity. So you can be doing all the right things, exercising right, sleeping, and end up having some metabolic changes. So from my perspective, I think there's multiple things that come together. And also just the amount of hypothyroidism or thyroid disease that we see in women in middle age-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, it's one in five women who most many are undiagnosed.

Cynthia Thurlow: ... It also really contributes too. So I think it's multifactorial, which is the fancy way of saying it's multiple reasons why this happens. I think the degree of changes in sleep architecture also contribute. We know if you sleep less than six hours a night, you're less likely to be able to have properly managed leptin and ghrelin levels, these appetites, tidy hormones, blood sugar regulation. And how many women I speak to, they fall asleep, they can't stay asleep, they toss and turn for hours, they're having hot flashes.
And so I think there's a lot that contributes along with the women treat their bodies like they did in their twenties and thirties. And I always say jokingly, "Everything changes and not in a bad way. We have to do the right types of exercise. We have to change the way we're eating." I know we're both huge proponents of anti-inflammatory diets and nutrition. And then managing stress, it's not five minutes of meditation once a day. But I think all of those things can absolutely impact. And I'm starting to read more and understand more about the research surrounding adverse childhood events and how the impact of trauma can impact women's weight loss resistance later in life, their risk for autoimmune conditions. And so I think there's a lot of different things at play at this stage of a woman's life that can really impact their frustration with the way their bodies are changing.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, I know we talked about the four hormonal changes that happen around perimenopause and menopause that are hugely impactful for women's health and metabolism. More insulin resistance, more stress, because they're in the sandwich generation between their kids and their parents who they have to manage and their careers, thyroid dysfunction and sex hormone changes. So you've got those four interacting hormonal systems that are all kind of going a little bit off center, and that's what drives so much of the symptoms and dysfunction. And they're all treatable, they're all fixable. A lot of it's through dietary and lifestyle practices, sometimes hormonal therapy, but it's super important. So what I want to want to talk about next is some of the things you use sort of help with muscle and to sort of accelerate some of the benefits of fasting. Because you talked about creatine and myo-inositol. Can we kind of dive into what is the use of these compounds? What are they, what's creatine? What does it do and why supplementing it with it is so beneficial? Who should be taking it and why?

Cynthia Thurlow: That's a great question.

Dr. Mark Hyman: [inaudible 00:44:25] go to myo-inositol. Yeah.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah. So creatine monohydrate is probably one of the most well-researched supplements or orogenic aids on the market. I think unfortunately, 20 plus years ago, it really got a bad rap because the bodybuilders were using that in conjunction with a lot of anabolic steroids at very high doses. What it is, is it's actually something that we have intracellularly. So inside our cells, creatine monohydrate, interestingly enough, women make 70 to 80% less than men. So I like to say we are already at a disadvantage, that we make less of it. And that's why supplementation can be so beneficial. I think about it in terms of muscle protein synthesis, but I also think about cognition and brain health and sleep support. And a lot of what I find are huge pain points for women, especially at middle age, is they struggle to build muscle and maintain muscle and they struggle to sleep.
And creatine to me has been a game changer. I have 70 year old patients that are using it and they're on leg press machines. I myself have been using it for the past year, and from my perspective, it has helped with sleep architecture and also helped me continue to build and maintain lean muscle.
But helping people understand that if you look at the research, we have different creatine needs throughout our menstrual cycle, which I find fascinating.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Interesting.

Cynthia Thurlow: And then helping women understand that we just make less of it. Men actually have much more of it in their muscles, in their muscle cells, but we can't get enough just from eating meat. I would love to be able to say, yes, you can get everything that you need in terms of dietary needs just from meat, but it doesn't work that easily. So supplementation can be hugely helpful for muscle and cognition. And these are things that consistently women are concerned about at this stage of life that they feel like they have to work so much harder. They're just not seeing the same gains that they want to see in the gym or their sleep quality is eroded. For me, it has really been a very humble experience to understand and to look at creatine very differently than I used to. Because I used to think about it as a gym bro science.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Body builders. Yeah, yeah.

Cynthia Thurlow: Exactly, exactly. Gym bro science.

Dr. Mark Hyman: The gym muscle heads in the gym off pounding down the creatine to build muscle.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, exactly.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And here you are as a woman talking about it as a therapy for both sleep and maintaining and building muscle throughout your life. So how does it exactly work for building muscle and how does it work for sleep?

Cynthia Thurlow: It's interesting when I kind of started diving into this, because initially I was kind of skeptical like I am about a lot of things. We know that we have creatine actually in our muscle cells. And so it's helping to replete those muscle cells, which actually will then contribute to being able to build more myocytes and get to a point where you're able to help with strength and duration of mechanism of action. When we think about the brain piece, it helps with sleep onset, it helps with that sleep architecture. I know for many women, one of the big pain points is deep sleep, having that kind of restorative sleep that when the glymphatic system is upregulated when this waste and recycling process goes on in the brain, we're getting rid of plaques and proteins that have the potential to go on, again, potential to go on to impact neurocognitive function, but understanding that creatine can be very beneficial with promoting deep sleep, which can help with this upregulation of the glymphatic system and this waste and recycling process in the brain.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, I'm surprised to hear. I'm trying to think about as a doctor, what the mechanism of action is for creatine sleep. I understand what it is for muscle. Do we know how it works for sleep?

Cynthia Thurlow: It's interesting. So initially when I started looking into this, I thought, okay, it's just about muscle. And then when I started looking at the sleep, and I'm happy to share some of the studies that I have kind of cataloged to support for sleep. But my understanding is that it's helping with that deep sleep, that restorative sleep, helping with the waste and recycling process that goes on in this glymphatic system. And like I said, I'm happy to pass along the research that I've looked at, which you might find interesting because I was surprised. I kind of stumbled upon that as a secondary kind of indication.

Dr. Mark Hyman: We'll share that in our show notes. But it's interesting that mitochondria is really the key to all this. And creatine is a key mitochondrial compound that helps with energy production. So I think that [inaudible 00:48:56] is explaining why it's through the mechanism action of mitochondria, which we often have less of them we need, they're often not functioning as well as we need, and they're often poisoned by our environmental toxins, by sugar, by an overload of calories, by our changes on our microbiome, by anything that causes inflammation.
So they're kind of under constant assault by our modern lifestyle. And we can do a lot about keeping our mitochondria healthy. And a lot of the raging research is really ultimately comes down to mitochondrial function. That's how a lot of these four longevity switches that we talked about earlier, sirtuins A and BK, insulin signaling and mTOR working in partly by actually helping to recycle old mitochondria to build new ones, to improve their function. So there's a lot of interesting science around the mitochondria. And as a common thread for all of this, it's really pretty cool. I think you also talked about myo-inositol. So tell us about what that is and what are the benefits and who should take it? And by the way, it's creatine. Before we drop off of creatine, what's the dose? Should it be five grams, 10, 20 grams? What do you recommend for the average person? Or is it different depending on who you are?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, so if I'm looking at women, I usually say three grams a day unless you are a vegetarian or vegan. So we know that vegetarians and vegans actually need more because they're not consuming this animal-based protein. Men and vegetarians and vegans should be five grams a day. And that's based on the best study research that I've been able to look at. When you mentioned the 10, 20 grams, there used to be loading doses. You don't need to actually do that. We do know that there's benefits from consuming it every day, taking the creatine every day in terms of the muscle and brain health benefits and the mitochondria.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Even if you're not exercising?

Cynthia Thurlow: Correct, correct.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It's like five grams a day.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yep. So five grams for men, vegetarians and vegans, three grams for women. In terms of myo-inositol, I think the-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Before you jump onto that, a lot of people talk about a loading dose of creatine, like 20 milligrams for five days, 10 grams after exercise. Is there a benefit to more?

Cynthia Thurlow: Based on my research, the loading doses weren't necessarily necessary. And if people understand that creatine monohydrate is going to hydrate the muscles, this is where people will get flummoxed over, "Oh my gosh, I stepped on the scale and I gained some water weight and I don't know what happened." And I just explain that if you start doing loading doses, you may in fact gain some water weight, which will be improved upon when you get to kind of the standard dosing pattern. And I don't think that there's any clinical benefit from doing loading dosing. I think based on everything that I looked at and other experts that I spoke to in that field, they fervently believed as did I, based on the current research, that three to five grams is really a good standard dose for most individuals.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's good. Okay. So you don't need to go up higher than that? Even when you're working out and training, you shouldn't go to 10 or 15 or 20?

Cynthia Thurlow: Not based on my research that I did. And then when we talk about myo-inositol, this is another one of these kind of interesting fell off my radar supplements. I think a lot of us are familiarized with research related to polycystic ovarian syndrome. This is actually a secondary messenger for hormone signaling. It's actually part of the cellular membrane. And it was interesting when I first started doing research, it used to be called B eight as an old name, but it's actually a misnomer because you don't actually need to per se, you can actually get some of it in your diet. Your body can make some of this myo-inositol, but it's very helpful for metabolic syndrome, insulin sensitivity, polycystic ovarian syndrome. You'll see quite a bit of research on infertility. I mean, obviously that's not my area of expertise, but reproductive health can be helpful.
And that kind of ties into this insulin piece with polycystic ovarian syndrome as well, has some neurologic benefits. I personally started taking it, guinea pigging well over a year ago, and it's very helpful for sleep architecture. Goes back to inducing and maintaining sleep. So if you get up in the middle of the night, it's very helpful to kind of quiet the autonomic nervous system, fall back to sleep, which is a huge pain point for a lot of middle-aged women. Their sleep quality kind of erodes, especially with the waking up between one to 4:00 AM as being something that is very, very common. We can get some from our diet, but it goes back to the things that you can get in the diet. We start to think about beans, nuts, and grains. I know not everyone is consuming those things in their diets, but I have found that for a lot of people, myself included, that this is a particularly helpful adjunct to other lifestyle mechanisms that you're doing to support sleep.
I've had really great success with a lot of women that have PCOS, even the thin type PCOS. About 25% of women with PCOS are thin and they oftentimes get lost in the medical system because people assume there's no way that you're insulin resistant and they can actually be insulin resistant. Kind of standard dosing is to start with one gram a day and then people can work their way up. I'm not a clinical psychologist or a psychiatrist, but I do have colleagues that use this with great success in their patients that have mood disorders and even obsessive compulsive disorders. So there's good research to show that it has some mental health benefits, but that is not my area of expertise and so I always leave it to the experts to touch on that.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, it's interesting because it does affect serotonin production-

Cynthia Thurlow: Dopamine.

Dr. Mark Hyman: ... and fixed dopamine improves blood sugar control and helps fertility in women with PCOS and can help depression and it's pretty safe and effective. So the interesting thing about the inositol is there's different forms. Somyo-inositol is the one you're talking about. The studies I've seen on PCOS and insulin resistance are more on D-Chiro inositol. Can you talk about the difference, and do you need to take D-Chiro? It's harder to get than myo-inositol.

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah. It's interesting because I looked at D-Chiro because initially I wanted to understand why some are used over others. I do have GYN colleagues that will use a combination of both with their PCOS patients. In terms of broad reach, when I looked at the research on myo-inositol, this is the one that is most abundant in brain and nerve tissue and most impactful for serotonin and dopamine pathways. The research I read was that myo-inositol was the one that would be most beneficial for sleep support, and so I do think you can use a combination. But what was interesting for me was that I wanted to simplify things and I wanted to use the version of inositol that would be most efficacious. And everything that I was reading was suggesting that myo-inositol was going to be more efficacious and more advantageous for a broader variety of conditions or concerns.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It seems like for things like mental disorders, you might need more, like up to 12 grams a day where PCOS you might need two grams or-

Cynthia Thurlow: Yep.

Dr. Mark Hyman: ... four grams a day.

Cynthia Thurlow: So yeah, so starting is usually one gram and then I actually have an expert coming on to talk about the mood, depression, anxiety, OCD next month. When you're looking at PCOS, I've seen anywhere from two grams twice a day or two grams, BID with individuals with like OCD and anxiety and depression. And again, talk to your healthcare provider if you're on an antidepressant or have these issues to get their input. I've seen as much as five grams a day, but really I think the starting dose is one gram and then kind of a titration based on symptoms. We've already gotten some feedback that some individuals are having improvement with two grams a day, both with mood and with sleep.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Wow, amazing. It's amazing, amazing stuff. And in terms of other therapies around sleep, you talked about the importance of sleep. You talked about myo-inositol for sleep, creatine for sleep. Sleep is really key for our overall health and wellbeing and a lot of our sleep quality has declined. And we've talked about a bit about this on the podcast, but we have less deep sleep, less REM sleep with more disrupted sleep. How do we fix our sleep? How do we get to deeper sleep and improve deep sleep? Because that seems to be the most restorative sleep, and actually what are the techniques we can use to help sort that out?

Cynthia Thurlow: One of my favorite questions. So I tell patients that when you wake up in the morning, that's when I want you to think about sleep. I want you to get light exposure on your retinas within the first hour of sleep. So 10 or 15 minutes of getting outside, whether you walk your dogs, have a cup of coffee, cup of tea, that's very important to help suppress melatonin and increase cortisol to tell your body it's time to get moving. I think really simple things can be helpful. Are you hydrated? Are you physically active? And it doesn't mean that you have to do CrossFit, it just means being physically active throughout the day confers benefits. I think managing your stress, there's no one without stress, but I always say, you get a little bit of oxytocin release if you hug your pet or your significant other or your family, your loved ones, your friends, just getting in some oxytocin hits throughout the day.
I think it's also helpful to have a sleep strategy. So just like when my kids were babies and toddlers, there were things I did in the evening that were telling them or telling their bodies that it was time to go to sleep. So wearing blue blockers if you're going to be on your iPad or you're in front of your computer, not having bright lights shining on your face after it starts getting dark. I think keeping the thermostat low, in our house it's 65 degrees at night. I wear a sleep mask. That is probably one of the least expensive, low tech, easy things I've done for sleep quality. I mean, my husband laughs at me, my whole family laughs at me, but I'm like, "My sleep is golden."
And then thinking of things that you can wind down. For some people they like to rub essential oils, maybe lavender on their skin. I like to get on my PEMF mat and I don't fully understand the technology. I know it impacts the mitochondria, but it's very relaxing. Things that gear me down, get kind of tap into that parasympathetic rest and repose side of the body I think is very helpful. And then thinking about magnesium, I will soak in magnesium, whether it's Epsom salts, I don't do this every night because I don't like to be-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Sounds like my program for sleep.

Cynthia Thurlow: That is really helpful. And if I can share with your listeners, probably one of my favorite ways to kind of potentiate the absorption of magnesium is to combine magnesium and borax and baking soda. So I usually do a cup of magnesium flakes, a cup of baking soda, and then I'll do a tablespoon or two of borax and borax is safe outside the body. I think everyone always says the same thing, "Oh my God." I'm like, "No, you're soaking. You're soaking." Whether it's your feet or your body, it really helps potentiate it.
This is coming back from my cardiology days where we did a lot of electrolyte replacement. And then I would say the other thing is just putting yourself to bed earlier than you think you need to. It's not a super sexy strategy, but more often than not, I don't sit in bed and read a book or get on my iPad. I will just go to sleep because very likely and I can track it on my Aura, my sleep latency isn't very long. So even if I don't think I need to go to bed, I will put myself to bed by 9:30 or 10. And I just do really well with those strategies. And those are all, for the most part, pretty low tech, but very, very effective.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, very simple stuff. And it's amazing how some of the simplest stuff can be the most effective and the most healing to our bodies. And I think the strategies we talked about, well ranging from intermittent fasting to sleep modification to balancing of hormones to using certain nutraceuticals can be extremely effective in helping us to modulate our biology. And I think your work is so important. Are there any kind of take homes, punchlines that you want to share with the audience about what actually can be the most effective in terms of these strategies? Where do they start? How do they begin?

Cynthia Thurlow: Yeah, I think that's such an important question. So tangible things that you can walk away with today. Number one, stop snacking.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Oh, yeah.

Cynthia Thurlow: Sometimes I walk through airports and I'm surprised at like 6:00 in the morning how many people have a container Pringles out and I'm like, "Oh my goodness." So stop snacking. We don't need to snack. And if you're putting your meals together properly, have enough protein, enough healthy fats, you shouldn't be hungry in between meals. In fact, if you are, it's a sign you didn't eat enough. Find a way to get more physically active. I don't care if you just walk every day. You don't even have to start with strength training. Find a hobby, find something that brings you joy.
I think if the last three years have taught us nothing, it's really important to understand that something small, it could be reading a book. It could be getting on audible and listening to a book. It could be connecting with a loved one. Find things that bring you joy in your life and definitely embrace them. And then I would say lastly, don't be afraid to intermittent fast. I think that eating less often doesn't have to be a practice that you do every day, but I just find that for many of the patients and clients that I work with, their health improves exponentially when they realize that they don't have to be tethered to worrying about food all the time. That food obsession that we've been kind of conditioned, "Oh, we can't go more than two to three hours without eating." That doesn't have to be your destiny. And we can change things at any time. So irrespective of what life stage you're in, understanding that there are always things that you can do to improve your health.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Amazing. Well, I think your work is really important and it helps us understand this very often confusing topic. And I think there is a lot of ways people can learn more about your work. Tell us about the IF:45 program and what that is. Because I think it's a really great tool for people who want to start to try these approaches in their own life.

Cynthia Thurlow: Thank you. So this is the program that came out of that viral TEDx four years ago when that talk went viral and all of a sudden people were asking, "Can you coach me? Can you help me work through how to intermittent fast?" So this is a 45-day program that is designed to take you from whether you've been fasting or whether you are new to fasting, kind of walks you through the steps in a very kind of supportive, nurturing environment. I do talk about it a little bit in the book, but we do have classes that occur throughout the year that are done in conjunction with myself and other coaches to kind of coach people day to day, over 45 days with group calls and lots of support.
And I just find it's a wonderful way to be able to support individuals making this change and do it in a very supportive, nurturing environment. There's no shaming. It's all about meeting you where you are and helping you make the changes that you'll be able to sustain through the rest of your life. Because that's really what it's all about. We want you to have the tools to be able to make sustainable changes.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's so great. It's such a great program and I think you also have your book, which is great and accessible for everybody. Intermittent Fasting Transformation, The 45-Day Program for Women to Lose Stubborn Weight and Improve Hormonal Health and Slow Aging. We can find more about you at your website, Cynthia Thurlow T-H-U-R-L-O-W.com. I'll put the link in the show notes. And thank you so much for being on The Doctor's Farmacy podcast. If you love this podcast, please share with your friends and family on social. Leave a comment how you use intermittent fasting, hormonal therapy, maybe some of the supplements we talked about to optimize your health, what's worked, what hasn't. We'd love to hear from you and subscribe wherever get your podcast. And we'll see you next week on The Doctor's Farmacy.

Cynthia Thurlow: Thank you.

Closing: Hi everyone. I hope you enjoyed this week's episode. Just a reminder that this podcast is for educational purposes only. This podcast is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided on the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. If you're looking for help in your journey, seek out a qualified medical practitioner. If you're looking for a functional medicine practitioner, you can visit ifm.org and search their find a practitioner database. It's important that you have someone in your corner who's trained, who's a licensed healthcare practitioner and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health.