The Power Of Psilocybin To Heal Our Minds And Our Bodies

Mark Hyman, MD

Dr. Mark Hyman is leading a health revolution—one focused on using food as medicine to support longevity, energy, mental clarity, happiness, and so much more. Mark Hyman, MD is a practicing family physician and an internationally recognized leader, speaker, educator, and advocate in the field of Functional Medicine. He is the founder and director of The UltraWellness Center, Founder and Senior Advisor for the Cleveland Clinic Center for Functional Medicine, a fifteen-time New York Times best-selling author, and Board President for Clinical Affairs for The Institute for Functional Medicine. He is the founder and chairman of the Food Fix Campaign, dedicated to transforming our food and agriculture system through policy.

He is a co-founder and the Chief Medical Officer of Function Health. He is the host of one of the leading health podcasts, The Doctor’s Farmacy with 150+ million downloads. Dr. Hyman is a regular medical contributor to several television shows and networks, including CBS This Morning, Today, Good Morning America, The View, Fox, and CNN.

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Full Transcript

Automatically generated. Please forgive any typos or errors in the following transcript. It was generated by a third party and has not been subsequently reviewed by our team.

Introduction: Coming up on this episode of the Doctor's Farmacy.

Paul Stamets: This is why I think mushrooms have become the zeitgeist of our time. It's like this worldwide revolution, awakening to the very fabric of nature that exists under every footstep that we take.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Welcome to Doctor's Farmacy. I'm Dr. Mark Hyman. That's Farmacy with an F, a place for conversations that matter. And if you've struggled with mental illness, the meaning of life, end of life, stress and trauma, or early childhood trauma or pretty much anything that's got to do with what's in between your ears. We're going to have an interesting podcast today because we're talking to one of the world's experts on mushrooms and not just one particular mushroom, but all mushrooms. But today we're going to focus in on psilocybin and the research around psilocybin and how that is changing everything we know about mental health, about our way of thinking about ourselves and the world, and the promise it has for both healthy and for sick people. We have none other than the world's most renowned mycologist, Paul Stamets, a good friend. We just were at a bunch of dead shows in the Gorge in Washington, had a great time.
He's a speaker. He's an author. He's a mycologist. He's a medical researcher. He's an entrepreneur. He's basically the icon that everybody thinks about when they think about mushrooms. He understands their habitat, their medicinal use, their production. He's created a whole new paradigm shift in thinking about how we care for our ecosystems in the importance of mushrooms and fungi in that. He's had so many awards, the Invention Ambassador for the American Association of the Advancement of Science and National Mycologist Award from the North American Mycological Association, Gordon and Tina Wasson Award from Mycological Society of America, and on and on. In 2020 excitingly enough, he was inducted into the Explorers Club. That's the National Geographic Explorers Club, which is a very rarefied place to belong. And he's awarded a number of patents for his work in the field of mycology. And he is a founder and sole owner of Fungi Perfecti, the maker and marketer of the category leading Myco supplement Host Defense line, which I personally use all the time, especially when I get sick. So welcome, Paul.

Paul Stamets: Thank you, brother. It's the honor to see you again.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Great to see you. Yeah, we were together a couple of days ago.

Paul Stamets: I had no idea that you were a Deadhead, so it's so fun that our path interweave together.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So much. Yeah, so much. My heart is actually breaking right now because this is the final tour of the Dead & company, which I got on late because I was a snob and I thought, "Oh, the dead was the dead, and then whatever's coming after that is not worth listening to." So I blocked it out, but then I connected to it a couple of years ago and I'm like, "Oh man, it's really good."

Paul Stamets: Not Deadhead. If I could sort give my opinion is, you may have experienced this as well, is the Deadhead community is really founded on some fundamental principles, shared by all religions actually. It's on goodness, on kindness, on forgiveness, on helping people who are disadvantaged and it's multi-generational, it's four generations. And to see so many young people, I can't believe I'm with some young people, and they knew more lyrics than I did, and they were in their 20's.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I know. I saw that. I saw these young hippies that were like 20 something years old. I'm like, "Where do these guys come from? Where do they live? Where are they hiding out?" Because I haven't seen any of these walking around the street. So yeah, it's pretty amazing community. And also by the way, for people listening in the context of what we're going to talk about today is the Grateful Dead was really key in instrumental in the psychedelic revolution in the '60s. They were the house band for the Kool-Aid Acid Test from Ken Kesey, Menlo Park in the mid '60s. And that was the beginning of the psychedelic revolution. And a lot of their music was basically created in the psychedelic space. So it was fun to be there with you and experienced that. That was obviously LSD, but I'm sure they took a lot of mushrooms too.

Paul Stamets: They took a lot of mushrooms.

Dr. Mark Hyman: They did, yeah. So I think most people don't think much about mushrooms. They go, "Well, I have to put some buttoned mushrooms in my salad," which is a bad idea, raw because they contain a carcinogen. Or, "I'm going to cook some mushrooms or whatever part of my dinner." But they don't really think about the role of mushrooms in the world, and particularly in terms of its essential role in ecosystems, in the soil health, in creating so much of the connections and communications underground that happen between plants. I mean, it's really a whole interconnected network of fungi that is basically running the world. So I wonder if you can just spend a couple minutes explaining why that's so important to us and how they've been neglected, and why we should be really paying more attention. And then we're going to dive a little bit into some of just general beneficial aspects of mushrooms in general that I think are therapeutic mushrooms. And then I want to talk about psychedelics with you. Because I think this is a really interesting space. So why don't you start out with why should we care about mushrooms?

Paul Stamets: Well, this is a subject that catches people unawares that it could be so profoundly important. And yet the field of mycology, the study of fungi and science is underappreciated, under-recognized, underfunded, and yet it has such a profound influence on why we're here today. So we go back in time, 13.8 billion years ago, the Big Bang, 4.5 billion years ago, the Earth formed, 3.8 billion years ago, the first evidence so far of life, unicellular organisms. And we then actually, the first evidence so far of a multicellular organism is fungi, mycelium defined webby, cobweb substance found in lava beds in South Africa, and that's about 2.5 billion years ago. And then fungi were the first organisms that came to land, really, the prevailing theory, which I very much like is the influence of the moon on the ocean for creating tides and the washing of the ocean, and then the tide goes out and is exposed to air.
Well, that constant interface of going into aquatic and non-aquatic. Then the organisms in the ocean and fungi being one of them paired up with plants, algae, informed lichens. And so lichens are actually a dimorphic organism. Fungi and plants together form lichens and lichens then started munching rocks, and then the mycelium would dissolve the rocks and give minerals, and then the plants would give carbohydrates and sugars and mycorrhizal fungi, that's exactly what they do. So it was that pairing. Now we diverged from fungi-

Dr. Mark Hyman: And that created soil, right? That was how soil?

Paul Stamets: It created soil, munch rocks creating soil. So that happened for millions of years. Fungi actually gave birth to animals. 650 million years ago fungi created animals and the fungi went its underground path and animals went basically in circulating our nutrients and digesting within the stomach, whereas the fungi extracellularly digested its nutrients. So we march forward, and of course we have animalia. And so the super kingdom is called Opisthokonta. 650 million years ago we were unified in the same, I like to say kindom rather than kingdom, by the way. So fungi gave birth to animals, and this is from a medical point of view, this is why we have really good antibiotics against bacteria, but we have very poor antibiotics against fungi because of our close evolutionary relationship. So these networks of mycelium permeated the ground and paired with plants and ecosystems then flourished, and then animals needed plants, herbivores. And then of course carnivores came about from consuming other animals. So the whole path of our existence is traceable to mycelium. We are the children of mycelium.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's incredible. And it's such an important part of our current wellbeing because without mycelium, you can't actually create healthy plants and they're in the soil that's been basically taken care of properly. When we talk about regenerative agriculture, we're talking about soil that's not been disrupted in the mycelium networks damaged and injured. And when you think about when you till the soil, you're basically cutting through all the fiber optic cables of communication from the plant kingdom that helps them extract nutrients from the soil. It helps them communicate with other plants, tell them what to do. It's really a whole information highway there.

Paul Stamets: Mark, I've been in many interviews, but that's the first time I've heard that metaphor and that's a beautiful one. Cutting the fiber optics of the ground.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. It's like a worldwide web except it's underground and it's essential for us survival and we're killing it.

Paul Stamets: Yeah. No, that's it. Mycelium is earth's natural internet. I've been saying that for a long time.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's okay.

Paul Stamets: Not plants have mycorrhizal relationships. This means that they're in a mutually dependent dualistic relationship. And then all plants are dependent upon soils. So a few plants that don't have mycorrhizal relationships depend upon saprophytic fungi that break down organic material for benefiting the life cycles of many other organisms. So you have a mycorrhizal fungi in association with the roots of plants or inside of plants, endomycorrhizal versus ectomycorrhizal. Endo means end, ecto means outside, and then you have the saprophytic species and the saprophytic species break down wood as soon as out log or is created or a tree falls in the forest. So the dynamics between saprophytic and mycorrhizal fungi is still an unexplored area, but that they're very much interrelated. You can think about, well, saprophytic fungi growing the first foot of soil, typically with exception of the oceans.
They've done cork bores down a mild deep into the oceans, and they've found all sorts of fungi. This is a yet unexplored area that's been stated that the greatest mycelial MAPS in the world are submarine. They are in the settings of the oceans, and we know virtually nothing about this.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's incredible.

Paul Stamets: Yeah. So I mean, it's a well of knowledge that we're dipping into, but this is why I think as mushrooms have become the zeitgeist of our time, it's like this worldwide revelation awakening to the very fabric of nature that least exists under every footstep that we take. Literally every footstep that you and I take in a healthy ecosystem has about 300 miles of mycelium under each footstep. I mean, that's how prevalent these are.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It's unbelievable.

Paul Stamets: And to have something so prevalent and the presence of a mushroom is really a biological miracle. I mean, just very few. We know about 150,000 species based on DNA analysis of mushroom forming fungi, but we've only identified around 14,000. Again, 90% of the species we haven't identified because when they pop up above ground, they have a morphology that a taxonomist can use. Well, now with DNA tools, we know there's a whole bunch of fungi that have never represented themselves in the form of a mushroom, but could, but they're not yet described.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. It's amazing.

Paul Stamets: It's truly an astonishingly rich treasure trove of new discoveries for young scientists in particular.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. I mean, we could spend the entire podcast talking about what's going on underground, but I want to talk about actually some other things that I think people are going to find very interesting, which is a lot of what you build your business on, which is the benefits, the health benefits of certain mushrooms that have been used potentially in traditional medicines for thousands of years, certainly a lot in Chinese medicine. And there are things we might've heard about, things like reishi and chaga and cordyceps and lion's mane and turkey tail, and all these mushrooms that you can't really buy in the grocery store that much. Some of them you can, you can buy shiitake, you can buy maitake, you can buy lion's mane and cook them, and I do, and they're delicious and we should eat them.
But you've actually found that these are medicines and they actually have biological properties that are helping our immune system that prevent cancer, that may actually help metal chelation, that help with also the adaptogenic response that we need, sort of stress resilience. So can you take us through some of these mushrooms, the ones that are like the greatest hits of the mushroom community that are part of your go-to toolkit for helping people support their health? And take us through each one a little bit what they do, and then I want to jump from that into the psilocybin conversation and we'll get through that for the rest of the podcast.

Paul Stamets: Okay. Well, let's start with mushrooms produce spores. Spores are like little seeds. They come together, they germinate, they form mycelium. Now, when one spore germinates, it's called a hypha, H-Y-P-H-A, hyphae for plural. When they come together, they form mycelium. The mycelium grows and in response to four primary stimuli, most all of you listening to this know this rain, of course, water. With rain, you have evaporative cooling, so you have a drop in temperature, oftentimes rains associated with drop in temperature as well. You have the mycelium comes up to the surface, exhales carbon dioxide, inhales oxygen. So these are like externalized stomachs, externalized lungs, and then surprisingly light. Most all mushroom species with the exception of buttoned mushrooms and portobellos and a few others, most all of them are triggered by sunlight. Indirect sunlight usually is the best. So that dappled sunlight, so a massive rain and the dappled sunlight, after a storm passes, the mycelium is wicking up and it's exhaling carbon dioxide, inhaling oxygen, stimulated by light, the water temperature drop-in temperature.
Those are all the tools that cultivators use to initiate a flush. Now, a mushroom comes from the mycelium, but when you dissect the mushroom under a microscope, what does it made of? Mycelium. So mycelium makes mushrooms, mushrooms are made of mycelium. The difference is the single strands of mycelium and you microbiologists know this as well, but in a single cubic itch of soil, it can be tens of millions of microbes and there could be eight miles of that mycelium running through. Well, there's only one cell wall thick and it's got microbial pathogens that are trying to eat it. So it upregulates its immune system to create antibiotics that prevent prioritization and exceeds alliances with bacteria that are friendly saying, "Hey, we'll help you if you help us," and so it's a mutualistic relationship. They create guilds of microorganisms that collectively cooperate to prevent other bacterial predators.
Even bacterial aligning with mushroom mycelium produces antibacterial compounds to keep the unfriendly bacteria away. So these set the stage for ecological evolution. And then under the right conditions, mushrooms form from the mycelium and the mycelium laminates from individual strands and laminates into this complex dense structure. So the structure of the mycelium becomes a mushroom as opposed to the hyphae that are loose in the ground. Now, the reason why this is important is more than 25%, sometimes we have some examples of 90% more genes are activated in the state of mycelium. Wouldn't it make sense? They have to grow for years sometimes before a mushroom form, a mushroom that as perishable as fresh fish, many of this oyster mushroom, you eat them right away. They're only good for two or three days.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I know. It makes me mad because I want to eat porcini mushrooms in America, but you can't get them. You just can't get them. Dry maybe.

Paul Stamets: So the mushrooms themselves don't have a good immune system because they're not meant to be, they're meant to be eaten by mycovores, animals that then the ink spread spores and carry the mushrooms away. So it was really interesting that the mushrooms are nutritionally dense, but the bioactive immune agents are more present in the mycelial state. Now, this is a big surprise to a lot of people trained in traditional Chinese medicine, but not to be flippant here, but the typewriter had its usefulness, and then we had the computer, right? Technologies evolve. So what was proven for thousands of years is a foundational stage of knowledge, and then with new technologies, new scientists, thousands of people exploring the fungal kingdom, new discoveries. And so the most interesting research is coming out on mycelium. I populate a website that's for physicians like yourself and for researchers, not branded, thousands of pages now of references, mushroomreferences.com.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It's amazing. I've dug in there, it's quite amazing. If anybody wants to look at that, mushroomreferences.com. It's unbelievable.

Paul Stamets: So you can go there. I update it, we update it. My team and I update it about once a month or so. So what I'm saying is that mushrooms are nutritionally dense and they activate immune system through beta-glucans and other compounds. But we have found that the beta-glucan, which is these polymers that can be from 10,000 daltons to 10 million daltons of molecular weight. So what is the beta-glucan? It's a massive polymer and there's a whole bunch of them. It's not a single molecule, but these polymers we found are scaffolding for holding bioflavonoids and lipids and some resource that's come out that when use lipases and you strip all of these fatty acids away from the scaffolding, the beta-glucans are immunologically inactivated. So we found now that, yes, the scaffolding, that's what you could find in early science, so you can identify it very quickly, but that it's the structure that houses all these other compounds.
So I see mushrooms as miniature of pharmaceutical factories, but I see mycelium as being a factory on a planet... The mushrooms are like a factory and the mycelium is like the planet, right? It's a massive treasure trove, a library of extraordinarily adaptive knowledge because of epigenesis, the mycelium grows out and there can be more than 6 trillion end branches and a meter swath of mycelium. I actually said in the movie, Fantastic Fungi, a trillion, and then a mathematician says, "No, you're wrong. It's more than six trillion," I said, "Okay. You win." But the idea is the end tips of the mycelium are poly nucleate and they're encountering bacteria or new food source, a toxic waste. If those nuclei can upregulate a new enzyme sequence, proteins to break down that new potential food, what happens? The mycelium grows, but then the mycelium back channels that information into the mother mat, and so it becomes immunologically educated, and then has genomically in it reservoir, in his biological toolkit of protection and already an experience to be able to reactivate these gene sequences should it needs.
So this is why mycelium is so exciting. It is truly like earth's natural internet. It's sharing information and it's learning. Mushrooms are at the end of the lifecycle. Hooray, you made it. But they're perishable. They're designed to rot. They're designed because they smell and they attract insects and humans, et cetera, and then insects and humans pick them and spores spread spores and the away we go. So we're actively in partnership with mushrooms whether we enlisted or not.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So basically what you're saying is they sample the environment and they create immune response for themselves or create ways of fighting these things that then we can use for our own purposes. So basically borrow their immune system in a sense, and it helps us to fight cancer and to fight infections.

Paul Stamets: Absolutely. But more being an integrative doctor, the more specific to your field of expertise. These are not a solitary soldier or entity up against an army of competitors. They're very clever in realizing that community is stronger than an individual. So they set the stage for building communities that then create the plants that then grow creating the debris fields that then are recycled. So they predictively condition ecosystems for the benefit of their community to create resources for their own progeny. So they take a very long view of like, "Oh, I'm going to take a toxic waste and I'm going to make it into an old growth forest," it's going to take a thousand years.

Dr. Mark Hyman: We're all going to be eating my mushrooms. Humans consume my mushrooms, right? When they stick us in the ground.

Paul Stamets: I'm sorry I didn't follow you on that one.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I said, when we get buried, then eventually we get consumed by mushrooms too, right? Everything goes back to the earth and everything is decomposed and digested by the mycelial network and then repurposed and recycled.

Paul Stamets: The more I'm very deep into the subject obviously, but it gives me great solace surprising to some to know that I'll be disambiguated, demoralized, and returned into the essential atoms that built the molecules from my own form right now. It's a continuum. I mean, think about everyone's concerned in those apprehension, end of life and depression, and we can talk about that. But knowing that we didn't exist in our form before I was born and you were born, we're not going to exist in the same form afterwards, and this has been going on for billions of years. There's a bigger picture here, folks, does not be biologically myopic and so self-centered with our egocentricity, they believe that we're all that important.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Maybe we're just in service of the mushrooms, the fun guy. I love that.

Paul Stamets: I think we're in service of the universe.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. For sure.

Paul Stamets: We're a much larger, some people call it God. I don't like using God as the phrase, I don't like using entity, but there is one giant consciousness that I think we all are participating in, and religions are the inadequacy of our language to explain that great consciousness. And then, we elaborate all these strange rituals around religions that all have the same end goal in common, but the way that they monetize and create businesses and propagate their own myth. I'm not saying that in a pejorative term. Myths are important. Myths are legends. Myths are based on oftentimes real experiences. They're informative.
That myths that we choose is the religion flavor of the week or the month of your lifetime. The bottom line is psilocybin mushrooms in mushrooms are a gateway into this wonderful existence that we share that I think helps everyone feel better about their temporary mortality. We see that immortality, we will be immortal when the atoms that have created us, we just flow back into the nutrient cycles. And maybe one day, one of our, people listening here, one of our grandkids will be coming up on a plant that was made from all in Mark's molecules

Dr. Mark Hyman: There you go. There you go. That's amazing. Well, Paul, as you talk about the importance of fungi in human evolution, it's not lost on me that they have been used throughout human history. And you and I recently came back from a trip from Egypt where we took a trip down the Nile and we visited these ancient temples, thousands of years old, 5,000 years old, who knows, maybe more. And on the hieroglyphics on the sides of these temples were clearly psilocybin mushrooms. And so the ancient Egyptians were taking these compounds as part of their cosmology, as part of their religious activities, as part of their ways of understanding the world. And this is not just that culture, but all across the world this has been done for thousands of years. And what strikes me really is how do these molecules, particularly in psilocybin, because all the others obviously work on different pathways in our body.
But psilocybin in particular has this profound effect on our neurobiology, on our neurochemistry and our neuroplasticity, on neurogenesis in ways that are stunning and that are hard to explain for me as a doctor, how does this molecule in nature bind to these places in our brain that makes us grow new brain cells that increases the connection between brain cells that helps resolve deep-seated trauma, that helps alleviate depression that's resistant to every other treatment, that helps improve people's sense of their place in the world and the meaning of life. I mean, it's quite remarkable to me. So what's your view on this and how do these psilocybin molecules work at the cellular neural levels to actually trigger the responses that we're seeing now in the research?
And I'm talking about in the journal, the American Medical Association, not like some crazy left-wing hippie journal. I'm talking about mainstream medical literature that now is just engaged in this massive renaissance and rethinking mental illness and using these ancient compounds in plants to help us reimagine our lives and reimagine our way of treating one of the most important public health crises today, which is mental illness.

Paul Stamets: Well, I would like to take a step back just so the audience understands. The progression of science is to remove all the clutter, all the noise, try to find a signal, and that single molecular approach, what got us penicillin, it got us antibiotics, that got us many of the drugs that we know today. But the practices of integrative medicine and integrative science is how much these systems interrelate and influence each other. So with psilocybin, the narrative has been docking with a 5-HT2A receptor. This is a neuroreceptor that's throughout our body and particular in our brain. And serotonin also docks with that same receptor, but psilocybin substitutes temporarily for serotonin in the signaling pathways, and this is why the floodgates in the senses are open. So the big narrative is a 5-HT2A receptor, this is how the psilocybin works.
Well, two articles I'm going to bring to your attention, we can put them up later on the website. So one them published in cell 2022, about 25 co-authors published that the reason why the majority of antidepressants, SSRIs work is they bind also to a different receptor besides 5-HT2A. They bind to what's called track B. These are MAP kinases and track B is so interesting because on the surface of the cells when it binds, it stimulates neurogenesis. And especially newborn neurons in the hippocampus, which was thought that you couldn't grow new neurons after the age of seven or eight or some people debate what age, but you're basically got all the neurons that you're going to get in your life.

Dr. Mark Hyman: No, that's not true anymore.

Paul Stamets: Very not true. So now we know that these psilocybin just came out in an article that it binds to the same receptors that the FDA approved antidepressants bind to track B a thousand times greater than the FDA approved antidepressants. So you have two articles. The new mode of activity recognized by many scientists is antidepressants work by binding to these track B receptors. Newest article psilocybin binds a thousand times more than those FDA approved antidepressants. Now, I mentioned this because I've been in a lot skepticism about microdosing and I've been telling people for years, be a little bit more circumspect, be careful about what we say about microdosing. But this recent discovery, if it's a thousand times greater than an antidepressant medicine approved by the FDA at a therapeutic dose of psilocybin, what happens when you take a microdose one 10th as much?
Well, it may not be a hundred times as much, but it's going to be more, I guarantee you, in all probability than these antidepressant medicines. So there's been an incredible C change in the past three months by many of these skeptics things that the microdosing wouldn't work who are now going, "Wow. I'm going to have to rethink this now because track B activation, what happens with track B is called BDNF?" Brain-derive neurotrophic factors, and so it stimulates endogenous BDNF to better bind and to locate and have a greater affinity of binding to those receptors.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Like miracle growth for your brain, basically. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factors like miracle grow for your brain. So it helps everything get better, heal and repair.

Paul Stamets: That's an interesting analogy because I do a lot of cell culture. I grow hundreds and hundreds of species. So is it best to give miracle grow all in one massive dose for this entire lifetime? Or is it better to titrate it as it grow? Microdosing is titration of a nutrient over time that as the cells divide and reproduce, you don't overwhelm those receptors with one massive dose. You titrate it during cell division as you endogenous system is repairing and growing. So I think what's happening now, I was just on a call with some physicians, is what we call pulse therapy of a high dose of psilocybin with therapy. We think that's revelatory for PTSD, for trauma, no doubt about it. It's helped me personally. We know this is helpful, but you can't take a macro dose every week. So in macrodosing followed by microdosing, that's where we think that you can be fortifying the signal pathways with this new way of thinking, and that's what happens. The problem with psilocybin, it's got a PR problem. It sounds too good to be true, and we all trained if it sounds-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Magic mushrooms. It must be magic, right?

Paul Stamets: Well, as you know, the New England Journal of Medicine, JAMA, the Journal of American Medical Association, numerous other journals, very convincing evidence for treating depression, very convincing evidence for reducing alcohol use disorder, for his tobacco cessation, to experiences John Hopkins, 67% of the people quit smoking tobacco.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's amazing.

Paul Stamets: This isn't too good to be true, or is it just fundamentally changing our neurobiology? And all these behaviors are attempts at self-medicating to reduce inflammation and pain and trauma and that you talk about this a lot. Inflammation and pain and trauma are all in mental health, are all interrelated. It's a vicious merry-go-round. How do we get off that merry-go-round? And so I think psilocybin gives us that exit, and once we find that we can get off that merry-go-round of self-abuse of behavior and all the calamitous societal effects that it has, then we find that there is a way out. And psilocybin, I think gives people a way out of their need to self-medicate.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, when you look at the data on the PTSD stuff, it's interesting because I think that's an extreme example of the kind of mental illness people get from various traumas, whether it's sexual trauma, war trauma. I mean, this is a real phenomena, vet's habit, and this works remarkably well better than any other therapies. MDMA also is effective. And that's pretty important to understand that it has that role when nothing else works. In terms of our paradigm in Western medicine, there's really no treatment other than antidepressants, antianxiety medication. It's a long-term thing. It never really resolves and it's really debilitating. And yet, here's this compound that with one or two, maybe three treatments can resolve this in ways that nothing else can. And most of us don't have that level of severe trauma. Maybe it's 10, 15% of us, although I think one in four have some type of sexual abuse in their life. But we all have microtrauma, right?
We all were raised by parents who maybe didn't love us right, or neglected us, or maybe yelled at us too much. Or maybe we had just a trauma of living in the modern world with a threat of climate change and nuclear war and incredible divisions in our society, and the instability of our economy and social inequity. I mean, the list goes on. There's no lack of microtraumas, and so it's hard to cope with these things. And we develop anxiety, we develop poor stress resilience, we develop mental health issues, we develop physical issues that are a consequence of stress. And because our thoughts actually manifest in biological reactions, we know for example, from the data on adverse childhood experiences, which are bad things that happen to you when your kid, that the more of those you have, the more likely you are to have actually physical problems like cancer or autoimmune disease or heart disease or obesity or diabetes.
So here's a compound psilocybin that potentially can help us deal with the whole range of just in the normal run-of-the-mill stress of living to more severe mental illness, which we're seeing escalating at incredible rates. It's this moment in history where we're re-imagining our approach. It's almost as big as the changes when Freud talked about the unconscious and psychoanalysis. I mean, it's a massive paradigm shift in mental health. So can you talk about the research in this field, what you're seeing, what you see coming down the road, what's working, what's not working, and what people should think about as they're listening to this and maybe how they can think about it in terms of their own lives.

Paul Stamets: Okay. You've open up a wide world.

Dr. Mark Hyman: I did.

Paul Stamets: My brain is going, my receptors are dancing and cross-talking with each other. That is indeed what we're seeing now is that there's a lot of crosstalk of the receptors. When you look at the single molecule similar receptor approach, you're stimulating one node, a network of many crossings, and that actually stimulates crosstalk influences other receptors' activation. So the thing about psilocybin that's so exciting is that is activating many receptors, most of which I would say we haven't yet fully discovered because this is a whole organism change in behavior biologically and psychologically. So it would be not likely due to one pathway and probably not likely even to do a one molecule. Psilocybin mushrooms contain psilocybin, psilocin, baeocystin, norbaeocystin, norpsilocin, aeruginascin, these are other tryptamines.
All of those are legal except for psilocybin and psilocin. They get you high. The other ones don't technically get you high, but they dock within many of these receptors. Some of them are broken down by MAOs, monoamine oxidases. And if you take MAOI inhibitors putatively, they may cross into the blood-brain barrier and also activate the receptors. But we do have evidence that even some of those without MAOs, MAOIs do cross into the bloodstream. I'm just saying all this because mushrooms are like miniature pharmaceutical factories and psilocybin mushrooms are uniquely a compendium of these molecules that I think influence us neurologically. But let's go back a little ways. First, we need to give Maria Sabina and the Mazatecs, our deep bowel and debt of gratitude for opening up the therapeutic use ritualistically of the Mazatecs to R. Gordon and Tina Wasson. Specimens of which were sent to Albert Hofmann who discover of LSD, who first synthesized psilocybin.
So if it wasn't for the generosity and graciousness of Maria Sabina, this movement would be decades behind. Not totally eliminated because psilocybin mushrooms have been used around the world. There's 141 species identified so far, and the species that most people are using 90, 95% of philosophy ENSs. Well, Maria Sabina never used psilocybe cubensis. She used psilocybe mexicana, caerulescens, aztecorum, these are species that grow in soil and pastures are in wood. Psilocybe cubensis grows on damp. The common name in Mexico is San Ysidro is the saint of the fields. It's associated with the congregation to the birds who are brought over cattle. So psilocybe cubensis being used by the majority of people around the world has no connection to Maria Sabina. Maria Sabina was using a different species that unfortunately is wild harvested only, even today, not cultivated, it can be but in the laboratory, but that production is extremely small.
I say this because there's an interesting bridge happening, and I believe in building bridges, not divides. A friend of mine went down to Oaxaca and visited Maria Sabina's relatives and the Mazatecs down there. And because of the interest in psilocybe mushrooms by tourists and by people suffering from mental illness, by medical doctors who want their patients to experience this, there is a shortage of these wild psilocybe mushrooms. So what are they using? Psilocybe cubensis, which can be cultivated using western technology of in vitro propagation to sustain a Mazatec tradition that's been going on for thousands of years. I mentioned this because there is a concept here in Canada, and I'm struggling to remember the person's name, Albert. He's an indigenous elder from Eastern Canada, and he was challenged by one of his indigenous mother of a student that he had. Why should I send my indigenous children to a Western school?
And Albert Marshall is his name. And Albert said, "Because we need to learn the Western ways to survive in this world. We need two eyes seeing, one eye rooted in indigenous traditional knowledge, one eye rooted in Western technology and Western knowledge." The two are compatible, and so many indigenous people are mixed blood. Look at Mexico, right? The entire Latino community is entirely mixed blood, most of it. So I'm saying this because this an advantage of Western technology, helping indigenous people continue their traditions. It's also psilocybe cubensis not being, it came over with cattle, we believe. And the egret, which is a bird that picks bugs off the backs of cattle, also spread the spores of psilocybe cubensis. So that ecotype was not present in the Americas for until the Spanish came. So they brought within fungi that then are being used on the Mazatec. Now, this is the honor and to say that all traditions by indigenous people around the world are sacred, should be respected, et cetera, it should not be exploited.
But it's careful. People should understand with 141 species, any indigenous population in Europe, and Africa, and Russia, and Japan, and China ultimately would encounter these fungi. And psilocybe cubensis is very obvious because it gets to be this big. It grows on cattle dung and cattle go to ponds to drink water. So the whole thing with our Egyptian experience with a blue lotus, a water lily, is that the psilocybe cubensis would grow with a water lily, would be located, the cows go to the water lily, so you'd find psilocybe cubensis. So what I'm saying is that any people, resident in the ecosystem is aware basically on survival and knowledge will come to discover these mushrooms eventually, it may take thousands of years. It could take tens of thousands of years. And this is here and is a problem. And this is why this movement's been so slow.
Think of this, in your viewscape with plants and animals, you have a familiarity factor that goes over months, years. You are constantly in contact. Mushrooms come up and disappear in five days. They may not come up the next year. They may take two or three years. What's that? I mean, you have your memory of that is very difficult to recall compared to something like you're encountering all the time like a plant. So this eclectic knowledge is ephemeral. And then you war, you have cultural domination, you have disease, you have religion, you have suppression, and psilocybin liberates people from the shackles of conventional wisdom, from the shackles of oppression, from the shackles of structured religion. These are liberating experiences that bring us all together where there's no gatekeeper to God, there's no tithing-

Dr. Mark Hyman: No gatekeeper to God. That's good.

Paul Stamets: And so I can see it why it be threatening to the industrial religious complex, right? Truly but that's okay.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Although it's interesting when you look at some of the history of the early Christianity and the ancient Greeks, I mean, a lot of the insights and mysticism that they had can be traced back to the use of ergo containing plants or drinks that they used to use. And recently this was discovered, it was written about in the immortality key, but it was really an ancient part of the beginning of the mystical aspect of these religions. So it's not like a new thing.

Paul Stamets: No, it's not a new thing. And that's what surprising. It has been suppressed. And indigenous peoples, especially in Americas, I mean, they were so abused and that it's a tragedy we should never forget and we should do everything we can to make sure this never happens again. Indigenous voices are important.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's interesting. I wonder, is there anybody working on the Native American trauma using psychedelics? I mean, I think they have, peyote is some of their traditional plant medicines that they use, but I am wondering if you're aware of that because it seems like a novel but very important idea.

Paul Stamets: Let me tell you a story. I was driving up to Washington State, but I went through Bakersfield. I went through Mill Valley to Sausalito on East Bay, and I ended up stopping. I got to get a cup of coffee. So I stopped at a coffee shop and I'm there, and this Native American woman and this indigenous woman, she kept on looking at me. And then she came over and said, "Are you Paul Stamets?" I said, "Yes, I am," I started talking to her. "What are you doing?" says, "Well, I'm a Navajo and I'm just accepted to the UC, Berkeley, and I'm not sure what I'm going to do for my graduate thesis." I go, "Oh my God, she's smart," and she's not just indigenous. She's grew up in the Navajo tradition. And indigenous people are really emphatic about this. You might've genetically have some indigenous genes with you, but were you schooled in the tradition of ancient knowledge, and she was.
And I said, "You know, you are in a really unique position to explore," and it's called re-indigenization, bringing back knowledge. So indigenous people at their requests, not pushing this on, and this is what she got so inspired about. So now I just met her again at the conference in Denver, MAPS, and she's completing her PhD from that encounter in the coffee shop where she was looking for something to do. And I'm like, "Oh my gosh," and so she's explored this subject very deeply, and there is a resurgence of interests by indigenous people to recapture, I don't like the word recapture, I don't like the word rediscover, but maybe-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Reintegrate? Reintegrate?

Paul Stamets: Reintegrate, reimplement these ancient traditions, because so much of those threads have been broken. But we have echo through time or we have some family trees that are still practicing this. But bear in mind that Maria Sabina, when she would do her Mazatec ceremonies, she had the Holy Trinity from Catholicism as part of her ceremony. My immediate response was, "Well, that was a survival mechanism to be able to practice magic mushrooms within the Catholic domination." But anyone who's gone to Mexico, I mean it's a very, very Catholic centric culture. So Catholicism with indigenous people is really an overriding paradigm. We could debate all day long.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, I want take a minute to dive a little more with you into the research around mental health and psilocybin, and then talk about where it's being applied, what the future looks like. Because a lot of clinical trials are going on now, I see that being published regularly every week. What's promising? What are we seeing? What does data and literature show? What's strong? What's coming up the pipe?

Paul Stamets: I would first off recommend that people go to clinicaltrials.gov. It's the clinical trial of government, U.S. Government website that all clinical trials are supposed to be registered if you want to advance to an FDA approved medicine or therapy. There's 124 clinical trials using psilocybin, 124. So that's like a roadmap. So all the potential indications, alcohol use to support a disorder, stroke victims, mental health issues, depression, PTSD, all those things, the use of psilocybin for treating depression is extremely strong. But let's make sure we're careful about this, 70% of the people on average have benefits from psilocybin, 30% of people do not, okay?
So in a most recent clinical study that was published with treatment resistant depression, and you're being a doctor, I think it's two or three medicines did not work, and then you're in the treatment resistant depression category for which there was no medicines that are available. That's a very tough patient group. So suicidality became an issue because people who did not get benefit, "Oh my gosh, I'm at the end of my rope. This is my last hope, and it didn't work for me." So you naturally feel like defeated because you're hoping that this medicine would help you. So it's really important that we contextualize this. But I would say most of us are on the spectrum of healthy normals. I know that's used a lot as you're on the spectrum.
Well, most of us are in the spectrum of healthy normals, and then there are people out on the outer edges of that who are not healthy. I think psilocybin has enormous potential for the prevention of mental illness, for the prevention of PTSD. We're looking at treating after the trauma, after the event as a consequence of many factors. And then how do we heal people? Well, how do we prevent this trauma from occurring from the beginning? And this is where I think the signals that we're getting from meta studies are particularly interesting. A reduction of partner to partner violence, reduction of crime, reduction of larceny, theft. If we can prevent and reduce crime, criminal behavior and mental illness, the return on investment for society is massive.
I mean, just think about the literally billions if not trillions of dollars that could be saved if we had only 10% of the PTSD, the mental illness that we have today, 50 years from now. We'd be a much wealthier society, would have more ability to support social programs, to be able to help educate individuals, to give basic housing and food. We can elevate our entire society just from the savings of money. So everyone talks about treating diseases and illnesses. I'm really fascinated by the fundamentally psilocybin makes nicer people. I think psilocybin makes smarter people.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. When you think about it, when you feel one with the universe, it's hard to want to do anything bad to anybody else because you feel your connections to everything and to the world and the earth. It's like it changes your perspective. I mean, I know you had profound change when you were a young man by taking psilocybin. And I did too when I was 18. It totally changed my worldview of everything. And it's informed so much of how I think about the world, interconnections I see, how I think about functional medicine, how everything is basically a big network and how we're not separate from it. I didn't really have it as an intellectual idea, I had it at a visceral felt experience as a young man. And it really profoundly changed me. And I think you went through the same thing.
And you're right, Paul, we're seeing such a epidemic of mental illness. When you mentioned the cost, I mean, this was one study, but it looked at the economic impact of chronic disease on our economy. And over the next 35 years, it's going to be $95 trillion, and the majority of it is mental health issues in depression. So we're talking about tens and tens of trillions of dollars that we are losing to our economy, to our society because of something that we're all experiencing but don't have great solutions for. And that's why I am really excited about this psychedelic revolution as a way to start to treat some of these really intractable problems.

Paul Stamets: And what's happening now, which is maybe a surprise to many people listening, is that one of the major forces for the legalization of psilocybin is by conservatives, is by Republicans. Because they're dealing with so many of their constituents, Afghan and Iraq war veterans and law enforcement officers. And I was in Austin, Texas and met the founders of the Healing Warrior Church. It is a nonprofit. I looked it up. And they have taken over 600 law enforcement and SEALs, special forces officers through high doses of psilocybin at a weekend retreat owned by the SEALs, a military guy who had a ranch and converted into a psilocybin retreat center. It's a tough thing to say, but I won't say too much about this. But law enforcement officers make mistakes, doctors make mistakes. Both of them literally have another person's life in their hands, so to speak, and they can't be a hundred percent right.
So I asked the obvious, dangerous, and difficult question about what some of these Iraq soldiers experienced that were so traumatizing, I'm not going to get into it. But when I heard the answer, I went, "Oh my God, that would traumatize me for the rest of my life." So who can they talk to? These are good people. They had a bad day. And if they don't deal with that trauma, then it's alcoholism, there's drug abuse and suicide. It's the guilt. And so they created the Healing Warrior Church and they bring them in and a massive dose of psilocybin with their other people sharing this experience. And the most amazing story is that City of Austin police chief, 56 police officers, they had one bad apple and everyone very worried about this police officer because he kept on going out of bounds and doing things that were not right. A very difficult personality to deal with.
But he knew he was traumatized. He went to the Healing Warrior Church for a weekend session. He came back and no one recognized him, he's got the same face and the same body, but he's a different person. What happened to this person? So I was told personally then the chief of police of Austin wanted all of his employee, law enforcement officers to go in this weekend ceremony. And so I asked the organizer, "But these are law enforcement. You're doing something illegal." He goes, "That was a church." I go, "What if you get somebody who wants to bust you?" And he goes, "We're SEALs, dude. No one will."

Dr. Mark Hyman: Is it like Nixon said, "If the president does it, it's not illegal." So please do it, it's not illegal.

Paul Stamets: I don't like that. Don't mix Nixon. So what's happening with ex-Governor Perry, our Department of Energy, I met with him. He's a strong advocate for using psychedelics and psilocybin for treating PTSD with soldiers. He's had personal experiences in witnessing what's happened. So you have conservatives coming. And this Albert Marshall came up with two eyed seeing. And I think it's a brilliant concept, but I would also extend that to conservatives. Conservatives and liberals. We need conservatives. We need conservatives because conservatives don't dare take the risks that liberals do. But the envelope of change is pushed forward by risk-takers, which tend to be more liberal. And the conservatives, my family comes, I'm a wheat farm background. My family has massive, have large wheat farms. I'm a wheat farmer. I got 200 acres from my family inheritance. But in talking to them, they don't want to change protocols because it's too risky.
So they're conservative, they're financially conservative, they're philosophically conservative because it's dangerous to take risks. Now, those of us that are liberal, we push the envelope of change. We take risks and we fail left and right. But the few times that we're successful expands our knowledge and technological base that then it helps the commons. So we need this balance of conservatives to conserve that which is proven. And the more liberal thinkers and the minorities is the fringe edge runners. It's the LGBT community. It's the people who are different. And many of us know autistic individuals who are brilliant in their own subject area of expertise, but these people are different than conventional people. But they add this impetus, this push of the envelope on the edge of knowledge to explore, to take dangerous risks and some of those risks now we all benefit from today. And that's why I think the Silicon Valley microdosing movement and the psychedelic movement in Silicon Valley has been so inspirational in helping our technologies advance.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, let's talk about the next bit of what you just said, because you touched on microdosing. I mean, I think the macrodosing is being used across spectrum from addiction, to PTSD, to depression, to anxiety, to end of life. And we're seeing benefits, not a hundred percent benefit for everybody, but we're seeing more effectiveness than almost any other treatment that we have. So it's sort of head and shoulders above everything else. In terms of microdosing, this is an interesting concept because it's not a dose at which you're going to have any psychedelic experience. It's sub perceptual. You don't really know you're doing it.
But you pioneer something called the Stamets Stack, which is a combination of psilocybin, microdose, lion's mane, and niacin. And you've done a fair bit of research on this. You have a a community-based research platform that you've created that helps assess people's use and also the response to use and the cognitive benefits. And you've basically created a whole company to do the research on this model where you're actually using microdosing to treat neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's and seeing objective changes, which is quite remarkable. So could you talk a little bit about that work and the work around microdose.me, which is the website for the microdose study?

Paul Stamets: Sure. We published two articles in Nature Scientific Communications. So please check out the articles.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And by the way, Nature, for those of you listening, is the premier medical scientific journal. It's really hard to get in and it's impressive if you get in there.

Paul Stamets: The first article had about 8,000 people report, the second article, I think it was around 11,000, now we're over 25,000 people reporting. Now being a doctor, that's called the N-of-1, doctor meets a patient that should not be alive and they did something and they have this unusual N-of-1. Well, this is not N-of-1, this is N-of-4,000, right? We have different cohorts. Amazing thing about the data pool is that we had more non-microdosers than microdosers. So the editors at Nature really liked how well weighted the data sets were equal numbers, about 4,500 non-microdosers, 4,200 microdosers. That always amazed me. This was announced as the microdosing survey, and yet we had more non-microdosers. I think there's citizen scientists who want to create baselines. That's what I would do. I'd say, "Okay. If this works, I'll create a baseline, and then I'll become a microdoser."
But nevertheless, we found tremendous signal and reducing depression, anxiety using standard DASS and PANSS scores. This is used in psychology, but expectancy became a big part of the criticism. Now, so expectancy is that you're expecting to get better, you have a community of people that are doing the same, you're sharing information. And so the benefits you're seeing is all related to expectancy or "a placebo," and it's not real. Now, I would draw your attention to the latest article that was published in the New England Journal of Medicine for Treatment Resistant Depression. And in the abstract, and you can look it up on mushroomreferences.com, it says, "Expectancy was not a factor on predicting the outcome from psilocybin." Now, that's on a macrodose. So why would it be a factor on microdosing? Okay, we can argue about that later. But one of the things that was outside of the arena of the expectancy is we had a motor skill tap test, a psychomotor test, how many times you can tap your fingers in 10 seconds?
This is used validated test for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, traumatic brain injury, TBI, dementia. And the sad news is, with the exception of TBI, you get slower and slower related to age due to neuroinflammation, due to Alzheimer's, et cetera. You don't get better, your tapping frequency. You can play a piano a lot better but only two of them when you're 82, so it's also age related. We all start dying from the moment that we were born, right? So we have this cosine curve of neurogenesis, and then we decline. So we did the tap test, and this is, we've also now, we had the microdose study. We microdose psilocybin by itself. We're doing it with chocolate, peanut butter. We're using a Stamets Stack, which I popularized on some blogs. And the stack is microdosing with psilocybin and niacin and lion's mane. So we've got a few hundred people in that category.
And then when we looked at 55 plus year olds, because you're looking for a signal against a background population. If you're looking at 22 year olds, they're at the peak of their neurological health anyhow. You're not unlikely to see a benefit. But if 55 plus year olds due to neurodegeneration age related, we found an extraordinary signal that we published in Nature where the tapping test frequency went from 48 to 68 in 10 seconds after 30 days of microdosing with the Stamets Stack. Now, that's not due to the expectancy. You can't say it's a placebo. This is a psychomotor benefit. And I explored this in seven regions of the brain and your neuromuscular system are involved from ideation to execution of the tap toast. And so something is happening through your psychomotor network, and we believe it's related to neurogenesis. So when we saw this signal, then we started looking at MAP kinases, and this is where I've been talking about MAP kinases for almost seven years now.
In the recent literature, in the past two years has zeroed in on psychedelics and MAP Kinases. So that includes the track B, the one that BDNF binds to. So I'm saying all this because we see now a physiological demonstrable benefit. The p-value significance is one chance in 250, p-value 0.004.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's very good for those who are non-scientists.

Paul Stamets: Many medicines have been approved at 0.05, right? Which is one chance in 20 of that as noise. So the fact is that we have such a strong demonstrable benefit. Now, what is the cause? So this is where if you get mired in analysis and mechanism of action, don't lose the forest for the trees. The patient is demonstrating a benefit. You can argue all day long about your analytics, but the fact of the matter is the patient's benefiting. So let's prove that there's a benefit. And aspirin, I don't remember the date, I think 1974, they figured out how aspirin worked. Well, aspirin worked way before 1974, people were using it. But just because they didn't know the mode of action doesn't mean that you shouldn't use it.
So I say all this to keep this in perspective, because sometimes scientists go down worm holes and they have wormholes of expertise and they have these little academic battles about which wormhole is responsible for activity. Forget all that. I mean, all that's informative. Ultimately you're painting a canvas with different brushes, but the whole canvas is the result, which is beneficial. So we created this new company, but we've been in stealth mode, we're a public benefit company. We don't do press releases. There's 500 companies that have come and gone. Most of them have gone from the psychedelic wave that came through two years ago. So we're now in the middle of designing clinical studies. Parkinson's is one of ours. There's two other studies that we're looking at right now. And I received my DEA license, my company, and myself. So I passed my background checks.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's amazing. Amazing that you passed.

Paul Stamets: Well, amazing for a very good reason. I would not give my father psilocybin at the end of his life. I wouldn't give Alexander Smith the father of American mycology, psilocybin the end of his life. Both of them asked me to journey with them, to trip with them, and I told them both, "No," because I am not a therapist. I've seen what's happened with psilocybin. You need to have a therapeutic support to maximize benefits. For the 30% of the people who do not have a positive experience, with therapy you can make that into a beneficial experience that they've been learned from. So the temporary negative experience could have long-lasting beneficial effects with proper therapeutic support. I just met somebody who did seven grams of psilocybe cubensis. She cried the entire time. She cried the entire time.
And then I asked her, "Was that experience beneficial?" She goes, "Oh yeah," it was a catharsis for her. She was able to resolve a lot of trauma. And so if you call the experience positive, no, it was not. It was a negative experience, but it was so cathartic for her. Subsequently, she felt that she come to a resolution. This is what's needed. This is why high dose of psilocybin, we need clinical support therapeutically, but it's 4,000 to $5,000 in Oregon now to have a session, that's out of the reach of-

Dr. Mark Hyman: Most people. Yeah.

Paul Stamets: Microdosing is within the reach of everyone. It can be done very inexpensively. You don't need to have the in-clinic support, the staff. You can do things by an app, by a phone call, by Zoom, you can build a community of people. Did you know there's a community of people called Mothers for Microdosing?

Dr. Mark Hyman: No. And actually, Paul, do you know in terms of the microdosing, is it having the same effects on not just the neurodegenerative diseases, but on depression, anxiety, trauma? Are you seeing changes with those things that are more subtle?

Paul Stamets: Yes. We see that. Our first study in nature was demographics. Why you microdose, your income, your race, your sexual preferences, et cetera. The second study was more looking at the consequences of microdosing. And the consequences we're seeing specifically a reduction in the metrics for depression and anxiety, improvement of mood, et cetera. So the exciting thing about the microdosing, the tap test is think if you're a guitar player teaching a young student. Think if you're a grateful dead guitar player.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, I do have a guitar that I got for my birthday that's a Bob Weir signed guitar. So might be soon. Yeah. It says, "Hey now, Dr. Mark," I'm like, "All right, I'll take it."

Paul Stamets: But if you're a coder, right, and you need to get things done or you're typing your new book, your memoirs, we slow down an age. So having the psychomotor benefit from the Stamets Stack, if we can prove this clinically, which I think we have such a strong signal, it's just hard to explain it away. I mean, there's one logical sequence of thinking here that is neurologically beneficial more so than psilocybin by itself. Psilocybe by itself in the study had no effect and improvement of the psychomotor skills, nor did the non-microdosers who took nothing. They were the same. They were in the same level of no improvement, but the Stamets stackers went like this.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And is this something you take every day, Paul? Is this something that's designed to be taken in something on, something off?

Paul Stamets: We're in the territory area in this. There's two protocols. The Jim Fadiman protocol where you microdose one day, two days off. The protocol based on my cellular research, and this is basically running thousands of cultures over many, many years, is three to four days on and then weekends off or two to three days off. The idea is you want to wash your receptors, and Jim are on the same page with this. You want to make it so your endogenous system recovers, becomes resensitized. Psilocybin only has a half-life of 1.8 hours. It's phenomenal. So it clears out of your system less than a thousand I think in 28 hours. So it's a very quickly metabolized. Now, it's latency or occupancy period is longer. So we want to get past the occupancy, so the receptor is then clear.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So basically you don't take it every day, you take it intermittently, and we don't know if it's two days on, three days on, three days off, or something like that?

Paul Stamets: I'm talking about my own personal practice. But those of you who consume vitamins, your daily vitamins, do you really take them every day?

Dr. Mark Hyman: No. I forget sometimes.

Paul Stamets: [inaudible 01:11:23] are doing pulse vitamin therapy anyhow, right? Like, "Didn't take my vitamins again," and you take them the next day. So I think there's intermittent use, but in the larger picture in scheme of things, you are taking it several times a week, okay? It's just that cadence. It may be interrupted unless you have medical support or people are actually giving you the pills.

Dr. Mark Hyman: So as we wrap up, I'd love you to project out a couple of years, two, three, five years. Where do you see us all being with this? Do you see it being legalized everywhere? Do you see it being used as part of psychiatry, general medical practice? How do we get from where we are now to where we'll be in five years?

Paul Stamets: In five years I think it'll be legalized. I think microdosing will replace SSRIs. I think we'll have the universality of use of a paradigm shifting medicine that will all cost pennies of just not just a few dollars. I think it's a game changer for our society. I think it could help us resolve many of the not only political strife that we face, but I believe that this is a peace molecule. I think when we reduce war, it'd be more collaborative. People will start working as networks of communities that create guilds of cooperators that are trying to help each other. I think we have the opportunity of interrupting the inflammation cycles and inflammation is the root of so many of these diseases that express themselves.
The other thing we haven't talked about in the psilocybin and the stack stimulates interleukin tens and interleukin-1RAs. These are anti-inflammatory cytokines while stimulating neurons to grow out. So we have human neurons that are growing out and we can see the neurons enhanced in their growth with the stacking versus psilocybin by itself or lion's mane by itself. So I think this is a way of regeneration of your nervous system overcoming many neuropathies and also overcoming inflammation. I think the two good to be true adage, there are exceptions to rules.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. It might be, and it's safe.

Paul Stamets: Now, how we articulate this? How we standardize it? How we deliver it? I believe that psilocybin should be available to anyone who needs it at no cost or at an affordable cost, that people who can't afford it should subsidize by paying commercial companies sufficient money that they can be philanthropic to be able to give it away for free. I don't think those two systems are incompatible. That is the basis of MycoMedica. As a public benefit corporation, we want everyone to heal the rising tide lifts all boats. There'll be more affluence, be better for everyone if these medicines get out, provided we have the guardrails and we need government controls. So what's happening now is so many politic, I hate to use the word bureaucrats because it's pejorative, but I'm dealing with a lot of government employees who are risk-adverse. They don't want to make a decision that'll ruin their career.
So it's easier to say no than yes. But when you go to the ballot boxes and you have initiatives like in Washington, D.C., 70% of Washingtonians in Washington, D.C. voted for the decriminalization of psilocybin, 70%. So I think the ballot measures are going to drive the government officials to then implement these medicines to be available because their jobs won't be on the line, they're just following the new law. And that's why when you think of the politician's neck out of the noose, so to speak. So many of them are worried that their decision could be destroy their career, should there be something wrong with that decision in the future.

Dr. Mark Hyman: That's a powerful vision. Doing what I do. I have a deep understanding of the role of food in our health, and particularly the problem of obesity in our society where 75% are overweight and 93% are metabolic and healthy. And a lot of it's because of the food we're eating and a lot of it's very addictive. And so when you talk about psilocybin being a treatment for addiction or nicotine or alcoholism, I'm like, "Wow. Maybe I wonder if it would help us deal with the obesity epidemic."

Paul Stamets: Well, I think so.

Dr. Mark Hyman: It's a crazy thought, but it's something that just had to say because I think as I see people struggle with food, a lot of it is because of the hyper addictive and hyper palatable nature of the food that we're eating. And it's not their fault.

Paul Stamets: And one of the questions you had post in the description here before we got online is, what does the day in Paul's Stamets look like?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah. What does it look like? Let's end with that. That's great.

Paul Stamets: It's funny that you say this. Okay. I am in a very active dreamer. I love dreams. My partner is amazed that I have remember so many dreams. I really love flying dreams. And the flying dreams are my favorite. I started when I was a kid in the storms with a windbreaker opening up in the wind, and this is now and I got very good, very agile flying in my dreams. And so I fly a lot into my dreams and I wake up and when I'm in bed, I just process everything. I like to wake up to, first recognize where I'm, because I'm in so many hotels, where am I? So that's it. And then I am a coffee drinker. I think that's one of the best herbs ever in desert. I love coffee. And then remarkably, and this is true, I do a hundred pushups a day.
I broke the high school pushup record when I was 14. I've been doing this all my life with my twin brother, and I alert everyone to this. And I do take two days off. Sometimes I'm traveling, but I'm very, very consistent on this. And for young people, it's so important. The structure that you build when you're a younger person from the ages, from when you're born to 40 years of age, that structure carries through. And so my core is really, really strong, but you can look this up. A Harvard Medical School survey found that if, with men, 40 pushups per day, you have over a 90 or 95% reduction in heart attack.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Yeah, heart attacks. Yeah.

Paul Stamets: It's incredible. It's the best medicine out there for treating heart attacks or cardiac arrest is pushups, right? And by the way, you don't have to do a full pushup all the way down, you hyperextend your elbows. You want to do what I call a compression pushup. You want to tighten your belly, go down two thirds, three quarters, but you don't have to touch your nose on the floor, which I had to do in high school. But then I write, and I am also a victim of Google Scholar alerts, so I get so many new articles every day that I have to cruise through. I write and I do my work in Zooms, whatever the case about 2:00 or 3:00 in the afternoon, and then I go on an epic bike ride. And I smoke some marijuana and I go on these epic bike rides and I get freeform thinking, I get adrenaline. I'm just a little bit high, and my best thoughts come from there. I stop all the time and I'll write down three or four words or half a sentence, my notes on my iPhone to capture that because it's fleeing, right?
These good, they flee, and then I untangle them, and the next morning I look at it going, "Well, that was a dumb idea," or, "That was a really good idea." So I could have assembled thought streams both from dreaming, from pushups in the morning, which gives me an adrenaline rush, and then I do my linear riding, and then in the afternoon I go on this epic bike ride. And I usually listen to Neil Young with a Grateful Dead on my iPhone.

Dr. Mark Hyman: There you go.

Paul Stamets: But I really enjoy exercise and getting outside of your brain and let your body do the talking. And often them, the body is informing the brain of things that needs to know because you could finally shut yourself up, right?

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, I think that's a great routine. I think it's going to keep you going for a long time. And I think we have a lot more work to do, Paul. So we got to get this all over the finish line and help millions of people, billions of people potentially deal with the stresses and traumas of life, and deal with the unbearable burden of mental illness and who knows what else we're going to find out about how they affect us. Your mentioned the immune system, you mentioned the way they affect brain diseases. So I think we're just beginning to understand the power of mushrooms and fungi for human health. So thanks for all the work you've done for decades and decades and decades. Now, you're in the spotlight, but I'm sure it was lonely for many, many years. And thank God you've stayed with it.

Paul Stamets: Well, I just want to close by saying, let's all be adults about this. These are serious medicines. Please consult a qualified medical practitioner. Please obey the laws even though that you don't agree with them, you don't agree with them, go to a place where it is legal. So I am an advocacy for abiding by the law. I'm also an advocate that what you do inside your head and inside your own home, I'm a libertarian in the sense the government has no right to interfere with what your own consciousness or in your own home. As long as you're not harming others, I think it's some personal practices need to be protected. And I will also say the use of psilocybin mushrooms is spiritual by many of us. It's becoming a new religion, but not in the context of the conventional religions, is the freedom of consciousness religion, where you have the freedom of choice.
And I think the psilocybin mushrooms are sacraments and they're medicines first of the soul, they're medicines for your body, they're medicines for your psyche. So I think they have a huge potential. But everyone, please be very careful if you see somebody and going off the guardrails, don't ostracize them. Reach your arm and companionship and friendship and try to bring them back, because I think this unanimity of opinion of indigenous wisdom, modern technology, conservatives and liberals coming together, we're all in this together, and we all have skill sets that we need from each other. And those skill sets are far more important than the purported differences that separate us. I think there's a unanimity of being that we share one giant consciousness.

Dr. Mark Hyman: Well, thank you, Paul. Thank you for decades of tireless work. I can't thank you enough. And everybody listening, if you want to learn more, go to Paul's website, paulstamets.com. You can watch his TED Talks, you can learn about his research, you can connect into the huge database. Don't just listen to what we're saying, do the research yourself. Go to mushroomreferences.com. There's just so much available on his website, so check it out. And Paul, thank you. And I'll see you again around the bend, maybe the next Dead show when they resurrect again from the dead.

Paul Stamets: All right, thank you. Thank you everybody.

Dr. Mark Hyman: All right, buddy. Okay.

Paul Stamets: Peace.

Dr. Mark Hyman: And if you love this podcast, please share with your friends and family on social media. Leave a comments how psilocybin or other mushrooms helped you in your life. We'd love to learn and we'll see you next week on the Doctor's Farmacy.

Closing: Hi everyone. I hope you enjoyed this week's episode. Just a reminder that this podcast is for educational purposes only. This podcast is not a substitute for professional care by a doctor or other qualified medical professional. This podcast is provided on the understanding that it does not constitute medical or other professional advice or services. If you're looking for help in your journey, seek out a qualified medical practitioner. If you're looking for a functional medicine practitioner, you can visit ifm.org and search their Find a Practitioner database. It's important that you have someone in your corner who's trained, who's a licensed healthcare practitioner, and can help you make changes, especially when it comes to your health.